Alkyl Halides
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What are the three major classes of halogenated organic compounds?
Alkyl halides, vinyl halides, and the aryl halides
What is alkyl halide?
A halogen atom bonded to one of the sp 3 hybrid carbon (single bonded) atoms of an alkyl group
What is vinyl halide?
Halogen atom bonded to one of the sp 2 hybrid carbon (double bond) atoms of an alkyl group
What is aryl halide?
A halogen atom bonded to one of the sp 2 hybrid atom (double bonded) atom of an aromatic ring
What is geminal dihalide?
Has two halogen atoms bonded to the same carbon atom
What is vicinal dihalide?
Has two halogens bonded to adjacent carbon atoms
What are the uses of alkyl halides?
As solvent Anesthetics
What are alkyl halides primarily used as?
Industrial and household solvents
What are examples of good solvents for cleaning and degreasing work?
Methylene chloride Chloroform
Methylene chloride was once used as what?
Why was chloroform replaced by methylene chloride?
Chloroform is more toxic and carcinogenic
What are the medical uses of alkyl halides?
What is more electronegative halogen or carbon?
Halogen
What is the equation for dipole moment?
As the halogen atoms become bigger the carbon - halogen bond length…
Increases
As the bond length increases the electronegativity…
Decreases
What is the order of dipole moment increasing?
The physical properties of alkyl halides depends on what?
London force and dipole-dipole attractions
What is the strongest intermolecular attraction in alkyl halides?
London force
What are London forces?
Surface attractions, resulting from coordinated temporary dipoles
Molecules with larger surface areas have larger what?
London attractions, resulting in higher boiling points
How are alkyl halides prepared?
Free-radical halogenation (non-selective ) Allylic bromination (selective)
What is free-radical halogenation?
What is allylic bromination?
