Skeletal System - Tutorial 2
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State six functions of the skeletal system
• Provide support by acting as a structural framework and a point of attachment for tendons and ligaments • Protect the internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, etc) • Assist body movements (in conjunction with muscles) • Store and release calcium and phosphorus • House the red bone marrow which produces blood cells • Store triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow marrow
Name the two divisions of the skeleton
• Axial skeleton • Appendicular skeleton
State the specific function of each division
• Axial - it provides support and protection • Appendicular - It provides mobility for manipulation and locomotion
Name the five types of bones and give an example for each type
• Long Bone - Humerus • Short Bone - Carpal and Tarsal Bone • Irregular Bone - Vertebra • Flat Bone - Sternum, Ribs, Scapulae • Sesamoid Bone - Patella
Name the cranial bones and describe their collective function
• Frontal Bone • Temporal Bone • Parietal Bone • Occipital Bone • Enclose and protect the fragile brain and the outer surface of the cranial bones provides attachment for muscles that stabilize and move the head
Name the four major facial bones
• Nasal Bone • Zygomatic Bone • Maxilla Bone • Mandible
State three functions of the paranasal sinuses
• Reduce the weight of the skull • Help to resonate vocal sounds • Are lined with mucous membranes that humidify and warm air
State three functions of the vertebral column
• Transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs • Surrounds and protects the delicate spinal cord • Provides attachment points for the ribs and muscles of the back and neck
Name the five sections of the vertebral column and state the number of vertebrae in each section
• Cervical vertebrae (7) • Thoracic vertebrae (12) • Lumbar vertebrae (5) • Sacrum (5 fused together) • Coccyx
Name the four normal curves of the vertebral column
• Cervical Curvature • Thoracic Curvature • Lumbar Curvature • Sacral Curvature
Name and describe three abnormalities of spinal curves
• Kyphosis - A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curve, most common on older females with osteoporosis • Lordosis - Accented lumbar curve, may be caused by increased weight in the anterior of the body • Scoliosis - Lateral curvature of thoracic region, occurs in late childhood
State the location and function of the intervertebral discs
Between adjacent vertebrae - absorb compressive force and permit movement of the vertebral column
State three functions of the thoracic cage
• Protects heart, lungs and great blood vessels • Supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs 3.Provides attachment points for muscles of the neck, back, chest and shoulders
State the number of ribs
12 pairs
Explain the difference between true and floating ribs
• True ribs - first 7 pairs of ribs attach to sternum via costal cartilages • Floating ribs - 11th and 12th pair because their cartilages are embedded in the muscles of the lateral body wall
State the function of the clavicle and scapula
Clavicle - Transmits mechanical force from the upper limb to the trunk Scapula - provides points of attachment for muscles
Describe the function of the glenoid cavity
Glenoid cavity - A shallow socket for the head of the humerus
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the upper limb (arm)
• Humerus • Ulna and Radius • Carpals • Metacarpals • Phalanges
State the function of the pelvis
Pelvis - provides strong/stable weight - bearing support
Describe four differences between the male and female pelvis
Male - Larger and Heavier, larger muscle attachments - Pubic arch (subpubic angle) above 90 degrees - Pelvic brim narrow and heart shaped - Pelvis narrower and deeper Female - Smaller and lighter - Pubic arch (subpubic angle) below 90 degrees - Pelvic brim wider and more oval - Pelvis wider and shallower (to allow for birth of baby)
In sequence from proximal to distal name (and label) the bones of the lower limb (leg)
• Femur • Patella • Tibia • Fibula • Tarsal Bones • Metatarsals • Phalanges
State the location of the calcaneus bone
At the heel of the foot