Organic chemistry
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What are fossil fuels?
Petroleum (crude oil), natural gas and coal
Main consistuent of natural gas?
Methane
What are hydrocarbons comprised of?
Hydrogen and Carbon
How is Petroleum separated?
Fractional distillation
Longer hydrocarbon = what? Boiling + explain
= higher boiling point as more atoms = more attraction force which requires more energy to break.
What is a saturated hydrocarbon? What is unique about its C bonds?
Alkane Covalent Bonds between Carbon atoms are single
Alkanes form a H__ series
Homologous series - Family of similar compounds, chemical properties, formula and have a gradual change in melting and boiling points.
Equation for alkane complete combustion flame colour
Methane + oxygen -> Carbon dioxide + water Blue flame
2 Equations for alkane incomplete combustion flame color
• Methane + oxygen -> Carbon + water • Methane + oxygen -> Carbon monoxide + water yellow flam
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon? C bonds are
Alkene One or more double bonds between carbon (makes them more reactive)
How to break down large alkane molecules? Why r they cracked?
Catalytic cracker with a temp of 600 - 700 celsius and a catalyst: Silica or Alumina Smaller molecules are more useful than larger ones
Test for alkane and alkenes Uses one of the halogens
Add bromine water Saturated hydrocarbon (alkane) = no change, solution remains brown Unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene) = solution turns colourless
What type of reaction is alkene + bromine? Other addition reactions
Addition reaction (one product formed) 1. Ethene (C2H4) + hydrogen (nickel catalyst) -> Ethane 2. Ethene + steam (phosphoric acid catalyst) -> Ethanol
What is a polymer? what are the smaller molecules called?
Large molecules made from many smaller molecules (monomers)
What type of polymer is Polyethene why
Addition polymer (double bond breaks to form single covalent bonds between carbon atoms) Ethene monomers chain togther to form polyethene.