Fundamentals of Pharmacology and Physiology
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Define Autonomic
Provides involuntary information from the CNS to peripheral organs.
Name the 2 subsystems to the Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What is the length of the pre-ganglionic nerve in both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Symp- short Para- long
What chemical is released ate pre-ganglionic nerve in both sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Both Acetylcholine
What is the final chemical released in both sympathetic and parasympathetic.
Symp- Noradrenaline Para- Acetylcholine
What is the origin of the parasympathetic nerve
Cranial and sacral
What is the origin of the sympathetic nerve
Thoracic and Lumbar
Which receptors do Acetylcholine interact with at the pre-ganglion
Nicotinic
What is the one gland in the sympathetic nerve that doesn’t release Noradrenaline but Acetylcholine instead
Adrenal gland - sweat production
Name the parasympathetic receptors
LGICR :Nicotinic and GPCR: muscarinic
Name the sympathetic receptors
LGICR: Nicotinic and GPCR: Adrenoreceptors
How many proteins and transmembrane domain do Ligan Gated ion channel receptors(LGICR) have
5 proteins and 4 transmembrane domains
How many proteins and transmembrane domain do G Protein coupled receptors (GPCR) have
1 protein and 7 transmembrane domains
Describe the key steps in allowing ions to travel through nicotinic receptors
1)Agonist binds 2)Proteins shift apart 3)Ions flow (dictated by what?) 4)Agonist falls off 5)Pathway is closed
What are the steps in GPCR
Agonist binds GTP binds to alpha Alpha-GTP leaves beta/gamma Alpha-GTP modifies enzyme Phosphate falls off to give Alpha-GDP Alpha GDP goes home
What receptors are used to elicit sympathetic effects
adrenoceptors
List the major responses driven by sympathetic nerve activation.
• Increased heart rate • Increased blood pressure • Dilation of pupils • Increased air intake • Increased fuel in muscles • Sweating • Decreased GI tract activity These responses prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’.
What are the receptors involved in sympathetic nerve activation and what do they do?
• α1 - Narrows blood vessels and widens pupils • α2 • β1 - Heart rate incr • β2 - Bronchodilation • β3 - metabolism These receptors mediate various physiological effects of the sympathetic nervous system.
True or false: The sympathetic nervous system is critical during ‘fear-fight-flight’.
TRUE It is linked to anxiety and stress responses.
The effects of noradrenaline on the heart are mediated by which adrenoceptors?
β1 adrenoceptors Increases Heart rate so increases cardiac output These receptors lead to increased cardiac output.
What happens to blood vessels during sympathetic activation?
• Narrowing of blood vessels • Activation of α1 adrenoceptors This results in increased blood pressure.
What is the effect of sympathetic activation on the GI tractβ?
β-adrenoceptors Smooth muscle relaxes This is due to stimulation of β-adrenoceptors.
What is the role of β2 adrenoceptors in the lungs?
Bronchodilation They are activated by circulating adrenaline.
What is the effect of sympathetic nerves on sweat glands?
Increase sweat production This is mediated by acetylcholine activating muscarinic receptors.