Amphibians and Reptiles
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How many families of frogs and toads are there?
20 families - 234 genera (3494 species)
What are the causes for worldwide loss in frog populations Name all five
• Iridioviral infections • Chytrid fungus infections • Termatode (fluke) infections • Pesticides • Increased UV light exposure Due to reduction in wild species. Pet owners should purchase frogs form reputable pet stores and not wild caught
Why are frogs a good indicator species
• Permeable skin • Amphibious lifestyle • Complex life cycle
What are the common species of pet frogs? Name all six
• Fire-bellied toads • South American horned frogs • African clawed frogs • Tree frogs • Bullfrogs • Leopard frogs
Name native location, lifespan, and other importaint facts Fire-bellied toads (Bombina orientalis)
• 2 inches long • Mildly toxic (children should not place frog in mouths!) • Aquatic environment • Natural habitat: South Asia • Life span:10-15 yrs. • This is a very long lifespan
Name native location, lifespan, and other importaint facts Poison dart frogs (Dendrobates sp)
• Native South America • Brightly colored: warning to predators • Skin: secretory glands: Batrachotoxin (Dendrobates) : cardiac and neurotoxin (poison linked to diet: eating ants) Batrachotoxin: Very toxic: size of 2 grains of table salt, kill a 150 lb. person • Some species: produce: curare like agents • Captive raised frogs: are not poisonous • Lifespan: 3-5 years • This is a small lifespan
Name native location, lifespan, and other importaint facts South American horned frogs (Ceratophrys sp (horny skin))
• 2 inches long • South American rain forests • 5 inches long/ females 1 lb. • Lifespan: 6-8 years • Nickname: ‘PacMan’ frog
Name native location, lifespan, and other importaint facts African clawed frogs
Xenopus (strange food) laevis - Frogs and tadpoles: common in biomedical research (developmental biology) - 6 inches long - Native to: Sub-Sahara Africa - Lifespan: 15 years - Very long lifespan
Name native location and other importaint facts Tree frogs
• Arboreal (trees) habitat • Native to: North, Central South America, Asia, Europe • 637 sp • Nocturnal: mainly active at night
Name native location, lifespan, and other importaint facts Bullfrog
Large frogs from different continents - Deep voices ‘croaks’ American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana): - 9 inches long - Lifespan: > 35 years - THIS IS A VERY LONG LIFESPAN
Name native location and lifespan Leopard frogs
Northern Leopard frog (Rana pipiens): USA and Southern Canada - 3.5 inches long - Lifespan: 5-8 years
What differentiates toads from frogs?
• shorter • thicker bodies • short legs • can not jump as far frogs • Also have poison glands
How many species of toads ar there?
339
What are the alternate names for cane toads?
• Cane Toad • Giant Neotropical Toad • Marine Toad
Cane Toad original habitat
True terrestrial toad: habitat in South and Central America: - introduced into Hawaii Asia and Australia(1935)-to eradicate pest of sugar canes [beetles]
What do cane toads eat?
Prolific reproduction and voracious appetite (eats both living and dead matter) - Snails - native frogs - small snakes - small mammals
Why are cane toads a problem in Austailia?
Adults have poisons glands and tadpoles are highly toxic Kills predators that eat the toad - Freshwater Crocodile, - Tiger Snake - Red-bellied Black Snake - Death Adder - Dingo - Western Quoll- carnivore marsupial No fatal direct poisoning. But fatal indirect poisoning. Eating soup contaminated with adult Cane Toads or tadpoles or eggs 50 dogs/year Hawaii die from mouthing Cane Toads
Cane Toad Poison
Threatened: Adult toad will turn so that parotid glands face predator. Toxin oozes from glands of secrets a fine spray at attackers. If absorbed: mucous membranes (eyes, lips, nose) - Intense pain in humans and temporary blindnes Bufotoxin: cardiac toxin: will kill predators with 15 minutes of injection
Frog Lymphatic Systems
Large lymphatic system (some species have large sacs). Fluid from lymph drains into circulation. - These sacs can be used to administer medication.
Frog Skin Animal Science
Smooth skin: ventral (underbelly) aspect: absorb water and electrolytes and helps absorb oxygen (respiration) - Skin must be kept moist - Skin has lots of blood vessels
What are the two types of skin glands in frogs And name their function
Mucous glands secrete slimy coat: - retains moisture Granular (serous) glands secrete: - antimicrobials - pheromones - analgesics - toxins (i.e. parotid glands: behind eyes): anti- predator agents (i.e. Cane toads)
Frog legs Animal Health
Structural modification: - variation in bones and heavy muscling of hind legs: - Jump 2-10x their body length
Frog Toe Pads
Toe pads (discs): allow tree frog to grip vertical surfaces Interlocking cells with gap (not suction cups) - This is a velcro-like effect Applied pressure: changes morphology of discs to grip irregular surfaces
Characteristics of Tadpoles
Tadpole (closely resemble fish): - Gills, no limbs, - Tail (that is reabsorbed) - 2-chamber heart - Lateral line: detect vibrations and changes in current (detect food):