Cell Signaling
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Define cell signaling
Essentially cell communication
What do all cells receive and respond to ?
Signals from their environments
Define ligand
A molecule that bind to receptors by the signal perceived by the cell.
What are receptors ?
They identify or bind to ligands
What are the four types of cell signaling ?
Direct, endocrine, paracrine, and Autocrine signaling
What is direct signaling ?
molecules (ligands) on the surface of one cell interact with receptors on the surface of another cell.
What is endocrine signaling ?
Ligands that are secreted by one cell, but travel considerable distance before interacting with the target cell
What is paracrine signaling
The ligand is secreted by one cell but acts on a nearby cell with receptors on its surface
What is Autocrine signaling
the cell that secretes the ligand also expresses the receptor
What is signal Transduction ?
passing the signal from the ligand to the internal part of the cell to get some type of cell response
What response is not need to be a transcription factor for turning on a gene ?
Cell response
Are RAS and RAF immediately down or upstream of the receptor ?
Downstream
We have a cell receptor that binds to a growth factor. What type of receptor is it ?
Probably a tyrosine kinase receptor
What is RAS ?
A kinase
How is RAF activated ?
activated when growth factor binds top tyrosine kinase receptor.
What type of protein is RAS ?
G-protein
How is RAS activated ?
When GTP is exchanged for GDP
What type of molecule is MEK ?
A kinase
What type of early mutants was RAS discovered to be a cause of ?
Known to be the most common mutant for Cancer
Define Loss of Function
A mutation that causes a protein to lose function and is a recessive tumour repressor mutation
What type of factor is NF-kB and where does it want to be ?
It’s a transcription factor and wants to be in the nucleus.
All transcription factors have what type of binding domain ?
DNA Binding domain.
What is one of the many genes that is turned on by NF-kB ?
I-kB gene
Where is the nuclear receptor found and what type of factor is it ?
The cytoplasm and it’s a transcription factor