SC11 Obtaining and Using Metals
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What is the reactivity series?
A chart that shows metals in order of their decreasing reactivity
What is the reactivity series based on?
The reactivity of metals with water, acids and salts
How can you determine the reactivity of a metal?
• place in cold water (most will not react; those that do are the most reactive metals) • if no reaction, react with steam • if no reaction, test with acid • the more reactive the metal, the more vigorous the reaction
What is the word equation for when metals react with cold water?
metal + water –> metal hydroxide + hydrogen
What is the word equation for metals when they react with steam?
metal + water (g) –> metal oxide + hydrogen
What is the word equation for when metal reacts with acid?
metal + acid –> salt solution + hydrogen
Name the metals in the reactivity series in its order
Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold
Define oxidation
• loss of electrons • gain of oxygen
Define reduction
• gain of electrons • loss of oxygen
Why are displacement reactions redox reactions?
One metal loses electrons whilst the other gains them. Since both are occuring at the same time, we call it a redox reaction
What is the reactivity of a metal related to?
Its tendency to form cations during redox reactions. More reactive metals always form the cations during redox reactions
Define ore
Rock that contains enough of a compound to extract a metal for profit
Define native state of a metal
When the metal is not combined with other elements in a compound: found as the pure, uncombined element
What are the two metals that are found in their native state?
Silver and gold
Why do metals exist in their native state?
They do not react easily with other elements due to their chemical stability
What are the different ways of extracting a metal from its ore?
Electrolysis and Heating with Carbon
When can an ore be heated with carbon to extract a metal?
When it is below carbon on the reactivity series
Which metals have to go through electrolysis for extraction?
• potassium • sodium • calcium • magnesium • aluminium
Name the metals that can be heated using carbon
• zinc • iron • copper
What are the two biological methods of metal extraction?
Bioleaching and Phytoextraction
Define bioleaching
The use of bacteria to extract metals from their ore
Define phytoextraction
Using plants to extract metals from their ore
How is the extraction of iron carried out with carbon?
Heated with carbon at high temperatures within a blast furnace
Describe what happens in bioleaching
• uses bacteria grown on a low grade re • which produces a solution containing metal ions called a leachate • the metal ions can then be extracted through electrolysis or displacement reactions