Chapter 15

Electron pair donator Attracted to partially positive atoms Forms covalent bonds

OH - H2O NH3

Atoms or group of atoms with an electron pair is exchanged for another atom The atom causing the substitution is a nucleophile that donates an electron pair

A haloalkane reacts with a nucleophile. The nucleophile replaces the halogen in a substitution reaction, forming a new product with a different functional group

Reaction where one atom is replaced by another to form a new product

The chemical reaction including H2O and OH (aq) that causes the breaking of bonds to form 2 products

Alcohol + Na- halide

Alcohol + H+ + X-

Nucleophile approaches carbon on other side to reduce repulsion The OH- donates it’s lone pair of electrons to the partially positive carbon The lone pair induces heterolytic fission between C and leaving group Forms new covalent bond with C

Depends on the strength of the C-H bond As you go down group 7 it decreases

Set up test tubes of chloro-bromo-iodobutane Then add 1cm ethanol Put in water bathe 60C Add test tube of silver nitrate 0.1moldm-3 Test tubes reach constant Add 1cm of AgNO3 to each tube Record the time taken for precipitate to form

Alcohol + AgX

The high C-F C-Cl bond enthalpies make it hard to break

Acts as a filter by absorbing UV rays

O2 —> 2O* O* + O2 —> O3

CFCs absorb UV rays They breakdown to form Cl* Cl* catalysés the breakdown of O3

Cl* + O3 —> ClO* + O2 ClO* + O —> Cl* + O2

O3 +O —> 2O2