Lecture 15 - Transcription, Protein Synth...

The process of DNA replication, transcription, and translation

• DNA is located within the nucleus of a cell but proteins are synthesized outside the nucleus • DNA contains instructions for the synthesis of proteins

• Takes place in the nucleus • first step in gene expression • process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template ( Generation of mRNA)(Sequence of base pairs representing the “code” contained within the DNA

Initiation Elongation Termination

• RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequence on DNA • the polymerase separated the 2 DNA strands ( action : ribosome attaches to mRNA and first tRNA : translation starts)

• RNA Polymerase forms a complementary RNA molecule from DNA template • Nucleotide chain grows from 5’ to 3’ (Actions: tRNAs bring amino acids that are and linked together to form the polypeptide)

• the transcription of terminator DNA sequences complete the transcription • transcript released from RNA polymerase (Actions : completed polypeptide is released)

The process of translating nucleotide sequence to amino acid sequence • requires the mRNA transcribed from DNA, a ribosome and the tRNA • tRNA has the anticodon on one end and the corresponding amino acid on the other end

Study of genetic materials DNA, RNA, their structure and associated process within cells

Study of the selection and breeding of animals to improve the population (Goal is genetic improvement)

Transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring

• autosomes / homologous chromosomes - sex chromosomes

Set of one maternal and one paternal chromosome that have the same genes in the same loci

Various forms of a given gene at a locus • specific variant of a gene

Same alleles for a given gene • AA or aa

Different alleles for a given gene • Aa

Combination of alleles for a gene

• determines which 2 alleles in parent chromosomes goes to gamete • derived by Gregor Mendel