Chapter 17 Vocabulary

total amount of useful energy available from an energy resource or energy system over its lifetime, minus the amount of energy used (the first energy law), automatically wasted (the second energy law), and unnecessarily wasted in finding, processing, concentrating, and transporting it to users.

the amount of high-quality usable energy available from a resource after subtracting the energy needed to make it available for use

gooey liquid consisting mostly of hydrocarbon compounds and small amounts of compounds containing oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. We extract it from underground deposits and separate into products such as gasoline, heating oil, and asphalt

type of oil with the help of its chemical cousin natural gas that help provide us with food grown with the help of hydrocarbon-based fertilizers and pesticides

remaining oil that isn’t taken out in a oil deposit

where crude oil goes after being extracted

Chemicals obtained by refining crude oil. Used as raw materials in manufacturing most industrial chemicals, fertilizers, pesticides, plastic, etc

on Alaska’s North Slope that contains more than one-fifth of all land in the U.S. National Wildlife Refuge system. refugee coastal plain

mixture of clay, sand, water, and a combustible organic material called bitumen

a thick and sticky heavy oil with a high sulfur content and that smells like asphalt. Created hen conventional oil escaping from its birthplace was degraded into tar by bacteria and groundwater

slow-flowin, dark brown, heavy oil obtained when kerogen in oil shale is vaporized at high temperatures and then condensed. made from oil shale rock

consisting mostly of methane, is often found above reservoirs of crude oil formed from fossil deposits of phytoplankton and animals buried on the sulfur for million of years and subjected to high temp. and pressure

lies above most reservoirs of crude oil

found in other underground sources ex. methane hydrate

mixture of liquified propane and butane gas removed from natural gas and used as a fuel

natural gas converted to liquid form by cooling to a very low temp.

solid fossil fuel formed in several stages that is subjected to intense heat and pressure mostly carbon and contains small amounts of sulfur, released into the atmosphere as SO2 when coal is burned

an earth-mover strips away the overburden, a huge power shovel digs a cut to remove the mineral deposit an then the trench is refilled

• Used on hilly or mountainous terrain - Earthmover removes overburden and coal is extracted with a power shovel

partially decayed plant matter in swamps and bogs; low heat content not a coal

low heat content; low sulfur content; limited supplies in most areas

extensively used as a fuel bc of its high heat content and large supplies; normally has a high sulfur content

highly desirable fuel bc of its high heat content and low sulfur content; supplies are limited in most areas

gaseous fuel containing mostly methane produced from solid coal