Atmosphere
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Photosynthetic organisms evolved about 2700 million years ago. The composition of the atmosphere slowly changed as a result of the development of photosynthesis. Two main gases changed in concentration. Name the gas which increased in concentration.(1)
Oxygen/O2/ozone/O3
Photosynthetic organisms evolved about 2700 million years ago. The composition of the atmosphere slowly changed as a result of the development of photosynthesis. Two main gases changed in concentration. Name the gas which decreased in concentration.(1)
Carbon dioxide/CO2;
Mangrove ecosystems are important stores of fixed carbon. State why this is important for the maintenance of the atmosphere. (1)
Keeps CO2/temperature of atmosphere constant/balanced/equilibrium; [A correct reference to carbon sequestration/global climate change]
Explain the trends of temperature change with altitude in the stratosphere. (2)
absorption of UV/shortwave; [R heating] from above/sun [R closer to the sun]
Explain the trends of temperature change with altitude in the troposphere. (2)
absorption of IR/longwave; [R heating] from below/earth
Describe two negative feedback mechanisms that resist increases in atmospheric temperature. (4)
increased evaporation/cloud cover; increased albedo/more light reflected/less light absorbed; AND increased photosynthesis; reduced CO2 so less IR absorbed
Explain why there is very little water vapour in the stratosphere. (1)
(upper) troposphere/ below the stratosphere is below zero/ very cold; water vapour condenses/ freezes/ falls as precipitation
The relationships between temperature and the processes that control atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are complex. Explain how an increase in temperature may cause an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. (1)
increased decomposition/respiration/more forest fires; melting permafrost
The relationships between temperature and the processes that control atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are complex. Explain how an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide may cause an increase in temperature. (1)
increased absorption of infra-red (IR)
Name two greenhouse gases that don’t contain carbon. (1)
2 named GHGs that don’t contain carbon; tropospheric ozone NOx/nitrous oxide water vapour
The relationships between temperature and the processes that control atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are complex. Explain why the increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century is much less than may have been expected to be caused by the amount of carbon dioxide released by humans. (2)
removed by named natural processes (in establishing new equilibrium); dissolved in sea; absorbed by corals; absorbed/sequestrated by plants; forms carbonate rocks
Explain how ozone depletion threatens humans through its impact on human health.(2)
DNA mutation; proteins/enzymes denatured; sunburn; skin cancer; retina damage/ cataracts; other stated impact
Explain how ozone depletion threatens humans through harm caused to other living organisms.(2)
lower crop yield/fishery yields/other stated impact on humans; reduced photosynthesis; egg damage; leaf (cuticle) damage; reduced photosynthesis/egg damage/other stated impact; impact stated for humans if not already used
Explain the relationship between UVB at ground level and ozone concentration. (3)
inverse relationship; ozone absorbs UV/ low ozone allows UV transmission; UV(B) causes chlorine release from CFCs/ODSs; chlorine causes ozone depletion
Explain how the use of one named new material has reduced CFC use. (2)
named application that previously used CFCs; named alternative material; e.g. refrigeration HCFCs, hydrocarbons, ammonia grease solvent alcohols aerosol propellant for deodorant, hairspray, cleaners hydrocarbons foam plastics HCFCs, HFCs, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide
Describe how the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has resulted in ozone depletion. (2)
breakdown (of CFCs) due to UV releases chlorine/ CFC + UV= Cl + remaining CFC/FC; reaction (of Cl) with monatomic O/reaction (of Cl) with ozone/ Cl +O= ClO/ ClO + O= ClO2/ Cl + O3= ClO + O2;
Why is ozone depletion a threat to human health? (2)
UVB/ increased UV/ reaches humans; mutation/ DNA damage/ skin cancer/ cataracts/ retina damage;
Outline how CFC use has been reduced by the introduction of alternative materials. (2)
named alternative material for named use; e.g. HCFCs, HFCs refridgerants CO2, N2, HCFCs, HCs foam plastics butane, propane,hydrocarbons, HFC, HFA aerosol propellants
Outline how CFC use has been reduced by the introduction of alternative processes. (2)
named alternative process for named use; e.g. trigger packs, pump action spray stick/roll on deodorant application
Suggest why the Montreal Protocol has been more effective at controlling CFC emissions than the Kyoto Protocol has been at controlling greenhouse gas emissions. (2)
ODSs- simpler cause/fewer feedback mechanisms than climate change/ fewer gases; more evidence/greater public awareness; greater political agreement/ all major countries signed up (Montreal)/ some countries exempt from Kyoto; alternatives to CFCs available/ fossil fuels difficult to replace/ fossil fuel combustion basis for development/industrial economies; Montreal ban on (most) ODSs and Kyoto sets targets for reduction
Explain how an increase in the temperature of the atmosphere may cause changes in the survival and distribution of wildlife. (10)
change in named abiotic factor/habitat feature; e.g. water temperature wind velocity precipitation pattern nutrient availability water level specific impact on wildlife; e.g. competition for named resource habitat loss displacement of wildlife rate of colonisation lack of biological corridor changes in migration patterns interspecies relationships one named taxon illustrating specific impact;