Chapter 13

The science of living living organisms in relation to one another in their environment. (The study of the ecosystem)

Self contained area which include all living living organisms (biotic) and their physical non - living (abiotic) environment.

• Chlorophyll in chloroplasts of plants trap light energy and uses it during photosynthesis. • during photosynthesis, light energy is converted to chemical energy in plants. • chemical energy is stored in organic food molecules. • animals eat the plant and obtain the organic molecules during nutrition. • during respiration, energy released by living organisms.

Energy flows in only one direction Organisms loose or use energy Energy does not flow back to return to the sun Not recycled in the ecosystem Therefore it it called a non-cyclical flow

Makes its own organic nutrients through photosynthesis. Responsible for input of energy for ecosystem First trophic level

Gets energy by feeding on other organisms Depend on food made by producers Unable to utilize light energy for synthesis of food, obtain it by eating other organisms.

Gets energy by eating plants Primary consumers, feed on producers, adapted to eating plant material. Adapted mouth parts to deal with tough plant materials

Gets energy by eating other animals Secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers Diet-meat Specially adapted mammals - mammalian carnivores have powerful claws and special dentition for tearing flesh

Gets its energy by eating other animals and plants Secondary, tertiary, quaternary consumers Mixed diet of plant and animal material Adapted - mammalian omnivores dentition allows eating plants and flesh

Gets energy form dead or waste organic material Obtain nutrients by feeding on very small lumps of organic material, breaking them down into simpler substances and by doing so, make nutrients available for producers. (Decomposition) Cause return of nutrients to environment - involved in biochemical nutrient cycles Clean up environment by decomposing dead animals Fungi putrefying

Positions of organisms in the food chains, food web or ecosystem. It is the feeding level in a food chain, web, ecosystem. Position of organism in chain, where it obtains its food. Energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next higher level.

Producers 1st Primary consumers 2nd Secondary consumers 3rd Tertiary consumers 4th Quaternary 5th

Shows way in which energy flows from sun to plants, eaten by animals, eaten by other animals until you get the top of the food chain. All energy comes form the sun

Shows: Number of food chains interlinked Feeding relationships between organisms Most animals can have more than one food source Flow of energy from producers to consumers

Biotic factors include living parts Abiotic factors include non-living parts

Anything that is, has been alive. Animals, plants, bacteria, fungi, organic molecules, cells. Biotic material is material coming form living organisms

Anything that is not alive. Non-living physical elements in ecosystem. Water, precipitation, air, temp, soil, rocks, sunlight, minerals.