Exam

Epimysium, muscle fibre, perimysium, fascicles, endomysium, myocyte, sarcoplasmic reticulum, myofibril, sarcomere, myofilament

Produce tension, produce body movement, mobilise/stabilise bones, maintain posture

Muscles that make the major contribution to a movement due to their contraction

Muscles opposing the prime mover. Relax and lengthen to allow the agonist to move

Flexors, extensors, abductor, adductor

1) nerve impulse is sent through axon to the neuromuscular junction 2) acetylcholine carries the nerve impulse and binds to muscle receptors 3) t-tubules spread signals to myofibrils which triggers calcium production 4) calcium binds to troponin, causing tropimyosin to expose binding sites on actin strand 5) ATP from mitochondria brings myosin heads in contact with actin binding sites 6) energy from broken down ATP causes myosin heads to change shape and the filaments move, shortening the sarcomeres 7) previous ATP leaves and a new ATP molecule binds to myosin head, giving it energy to move back to its original position

ATP, calcium ions, nerve impulse

Cell division for growth, repair and asexual reproduction

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis

To produce gametes with a haploid number of chromosomes, ready for fertilisation

1) crossing over 2) random alignment 3) independent assortment

1) DNA helicase splits the DNA strands into sense and anti sense strands 2) Primase makes DNA primer 3) DNA polymerase binds to primer (works 5” - 3”) and adds nitrogen bases 4) leading & lagging strand (Okazaki fragments) 5) Exonuclease removes all primers from strands 6) DNA polymerase fills in gaps between fragments 7) DNA ligase seals fragments, forming a continuous strand