Programming (Topic 6 and Topic 7)

A search algorithm for sorted lists that divides the list into halves to find a target.

• Compare the middle element to the target. • Search left or right based on the target. • Repeat.

A search algorithm that checks each element one by one until the target is found or list ends.

For small or unsorted lists.

• Compare two adjacent items. • Swap if wrong order. • Repeat for the whole list.

It is slow for large lists because it repeatedly checks all elements.

• Start with one item as “sorted.” • Insert the next item into its correct position. • Repeat.

• Divide the list into smaller sublists. • Merge the sublists back in sorted order.

A loop that runs as long as a condition is true. Example: while x < 5: print(x)

A loop that iterates over a sequence (list or range). Example: for i in range(5): print(i)

A decision-making construct that runs code based on a condition. Example: if x > 0: print(“Positive”)

A collection of items stored in a single variable (lists in Python). Example: numbers = [1, 2, 3]

A reusable block of code designed for a specific task. Example: def greet(name): return f”Hello, {name}!”

Another term for a function or method used for specific tasks in a program.

Variables in the function header to take inputs. Example: def add(x, y): return x + y

Operations to read from and write to files in Python. Modes: “r” (read), “w” (write), “a” (append).

with open(“file.txt”, “w”) as file: file.write(“Hello, world!”)

with open(“file.txt”, “r”) as file: content = file.read()

Structured Query Language, used to manage and query databases.

SELECT (retrieve), INSERT (add), UPDATE (modify), DELETE (remove).

Use sqlite3 for simple databases: import sqlite3; conn = sqlite3.connect(“example.db”)