HORMAONAL MEHCANISMS (DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION, SECONDARY MESSENGERS)
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how can hormones be classified
amino acid and steriod
how do amno acid hormones communicate with target cells
through a secondary messenger
how to secondary messengers work
aa hormones are water soluable so it cant cross teh cell membrane, so they attach to a receptor on the cell which causes a chain of intracellular events which lead to the outcome
how to steriod hormones communicate with target cells
direct gene activation/ transcription
how does direct gene transcription work
steriodal hormones are lipid soluble meaning they can go through the cell membrane and then attach to their receptor in the cytoplasm and then attach to the nucleus for direct gene transcription
what are steriodal hormones synthesised from
cholesterol
what hormones are steroidal
adrenal hormones and gonadal hormones
what hormones are amino acid based
insulin, glucagon, FSH LH, NOREADRENALINE ADRENALINE
HOW TO THE THYROID HORMONES COMMUNICATE WITH TARGET CELLS
ACTS LIKE A STEROIDAL HORMONE, BUT IT IS AN AMINO ACID, HOWEVER IT CAN GET THROUGH THE MEMBRANE WITH AN ACTIVE PROTEIN CARRIER, CAPABLE OF DIRECT GENE ACTIVATION
WHAT SECOND MESSENGER IS USED BY FSH, LH AND GLUCAGON
cAMP
WHAT SECOND MESSENGER IS USED BY INSULIN
TYROSINE KINASE
WHAT PROTEIN ACTIVATES SECOND MESSENGER cAMP
g protein
what are the steps of the cAMP second messenger system
hormone binds to receptor on target cell the binding activates g protein g protein activetes cAMP camp activates protein kinases protein kinases alter cell activity
what are the steps for direct gene activation
steroidal hormone enters cells hormone binds to receptor in cytoplasm this receptor hormone complex then enters the nucleus and triggers gene transcription altering cell activity