Transport in animals

System of blood vessels with a pump (heart) which forces the blood through circulation. Valves ensure the blood flows in the right direction.

Blood is pumped away from the heart in arteries and returns to the heart in veins.

Blood from the body enters the right atrium through superior and inferior vena cava. Right atrium contracts sending blood into the right ventricle Right ventricle contracts forcing blood into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. The valve closes to prevent back flow of blood into the right atrium and then another valve closse to prevent backflow into the right ventricle. Blood from the lungs enter the left atrium through pulmonary veins Left atrium contracts sending blood into the left ventricle through the valve. Left ventricle contracts forcing blood out the aorta to the body. The valve closes to prevent back flow of blood into the left atrium and then another valve closes to prevent backflow into the left ventricle.

Heart rate can be measured by pulse rate (Pulse = blood flowing through an artery close to the skin), Listening to the valves closing (Lub and dub sounds) are when the valves open and shut creating one contraction or by an ECG (Electrocardiogram) which measures the nerve signals that regulate the contraction of the heart through sensors on the skin.

Age - children have high RHR Fitness - trained athletes have low RHR, heart has more muscle Illness Drugs

Exercise causes muscles to contract more. Therefore, the muscles need more energy which is provided through increased respiration. This means that they need more oxygen and glucose causing the heart to pump faster to increase blood flow.

Measured by taking pulse rates after each exercise.

Blockage of the arteries by layers of cholesterol deposits in the inner lining of the arteries.

To supply glucose and oxygen to the cadiac muscles

• Diet, high levels of saturated fats in the diet causes increased deposits of cholesterol. • Lack of exercise, high-energy foods that aren’t used for exercise become stored as fat increasing likelyhood of cholesterol desposits. • Smoking, chemicals in tobacco smoke pass into the blood and damage the ateries lining creating an opening for cholesterol deposits. • Genetic prediposition • Stress, causes bad habits • Age • Sex, men are more likely to develop CHD younger.

Change in diet - less saturated fats Increase in exercise - Strengthens heart muscle, makes it easier to cope with changes in heart rate

Thick muscular and elastic wall - is able to stretch and recoil from bloodflow Muscular walls control lumen size. narrow lumen. - large under pressure They’re large blood vessels that mainly carry blood away from the heart

Tiny blood vessels located in all tissues. Connects arteries to veins. Thin walls. Lumen is slightly smaller than red blood cells to prevent clotting.

Carries blood flowing to the heart. Thin walls - blood is at low pressure - large lumen to decrease friction and contains semilunar valves to prevent backflow.

Arteries thick muscular walls protect them from the high pressure of the pulses of blood. The recoil of the elastic wall after the pulse passes helps maintain blood pressure and evens out the pulses. The blood pressure during and after pulses is greatly reduced b4 blood enters capillaries.

Very thin (one cell thin) walls increases rate of diffusion by shortening the distance between cells cytoplasm and the blood.

When blood enters the veins, pressure is very low. The large lumen reduces friction so blood can flow at this pressure. They are located in skeletal muscle as it helps to push blood against gravity. Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood.

Straw coloured liquid made from mostly water. Making it a good solvent for nutrients and ions from food; Urea, hormones and carbon dioxide as carbonic acid.

Carry oxygen around the body. Oxygen binds to haemoglobin molecules. HbO8 which also makes red blood cells red.

Part of the immune system. Several types, Phagocytes - kill pathogens in phagocytosis. Lymphocytes produce antibodies against the pathogen.

Fragments of larger cells which causes the red blood cells to clot where there is damage to the vessel. This seals the cut. Preventingg blood loss and pathognes from entering.