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amount of citrates in krebs cycle
6 5 4
how do you know its 6 5 4
4C oxalocaetate plus 2C actyl 1 C lost - isocitrate decarboxylated 1 C lost before succinate
how reduced FAD and NAD create electro chemical graident
pass electrons to ETC high energy electrons provide energy to power proton pumps on inner mitochondrial memrbane pumps H+ into inter membrane space
two enzyme types involved in conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
dehydrogenase decarboxylase
suitable tissue for mithochondrial study
muscle high numbers of mitochondria
what could be deduced if oxygen consumption was low with the pyruvate as substrate but high with a-ketyoglutrate as substrate
low with pyruvate link reaction not working dehydrogenase is not active no reduced NAD for ETC
what could be deduced if there was build up of any one of the krebs cycle intermediates
enzymes catalysing conversion of mol to the next in the cycle not functional
why is there raised blood lactate level in patients with mitochondrial disease
Electron transport chain is not working pyruvate levels build up NADH converted to lactate
where does krebs cycle happen
mitochondiron in the matrix
how does decarboxylation work
diffuses out of mitochondria into blood carried as hydrogen carbonate ions breathed out
how is reduced NAD produced in Krebs Cycle
dehydrogenation removal of hydrogen ions five pairs of hydrogens NAD to reduced NAD
what happens to reduced NAD under anaerobic conditions
pyruvate is used to form lactic acid regen NAD
W Z labelling
W is outer mitochondrial membrane Z is mitochondrial matrix
where is H+ conc highest
X
explain reasons for reduced NAD being required to maintain proton gradient
reduced NAD supplies protons bring high energy electrons electrons supply energy for proton pumping
chemicals P and Q (question 3)
ADP ATP
where does ADP+pi happen
cytoplasm
pathway for production of triose phosphate in glycolysis
glucose phosphorylated by ATP 2 phosphorylations 6C split to 3C
explain biochemical reasons for carrying out the reaction despite the fact lactate is toxic
allows NAD to be convereted back to NAD allows ATP production without oxygen allows glycolysis to continue
sometimes occurs in muscle fibres when short burst of very rapid ATP production is needed
only glycolysis required oxygen supply too slow ne need for \\\etc no need to build up proton gradient no need to transport pyruvate to mitochondrion
question 4 - features in chomon in chemical features of NAD/ FAD 2 the same 1 diff
both has 5 carbon sugar both have 2 phosphate groups FAD only contains one sugar and NAD contains 2
position of high energy bond of ATP
bond between terminal phosphate groups on ATP
why is SLP refered to as simplest and oldest way to make ATP
does not involve ETC does not need ATP syntgetase Does not need oxygen or electro chem gradient
A B table on question 4
4 2