Chapter 14 + 21

Subsatnce that occurs naturally in the earths crust as a crystalline solid

Products that we can extract and produce at an affordable cost

Identified resources that we can extract the mineral at a profit

Whole rock with the metal and the unneeded parts as well

The soil or rock that is covering a useful mineral deposit

Piles of waste (everything) that are not needed after extraction.

Pile of waste after removing metals from the rock (less material than spoils)

Piece of waste that is removed from the metal. They make up tailings.

Dig big holes in the ground and search for useful material.

Destroying the rock above a seam of useful material that are found in large horizontal beds

Cutting terraces into the sides of hills and then removing the overburden to extract the minerals

Large machines called draglines remove the top of mountains to expose seams of coal.

Underground materials are extracted through tunnels and shafts.

Removing all vegetations and rock and overburden to expose seams of minerals

Measures the energy of an earthquake through a logarithm of the amplitude of waves. Therefore, it increases 10 times each number.

Continental and oceanic crust (lithospere) Mid-ocean ridge

Under the sea in shells On the continent through weathering and erosion

Found in trenches and is formed by pressure

38,000 lbs

Manganese, cobalt, chromium, platinum

Canada, US, Russia and China

Using heat or chemical solvents to extract metals from the ores.

When a mineral costs more to extract than it would to sell

The time it takes to use up a certain proportion (usually 80%) of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use. New technology, recycling, and raising prices all lengthen the depletion time