Topic 3

lipids (fats), carbohydrates, protein, water Minerals and Vitamins

Carbohydrates: fuel, energy source, cell membrane, DNA, RNA Fats: Fuel, energy source, hormones Protein: striúcture, transport, communication, enzymes, protection, fuel Vitamins: Energy release from macro, metabolism, bone health, blood health, immune function, eyesight Minerals: Mineralization of bones and teeth, blood oxygen transportation, defence against free radicals, muscle function.

Oxygen, hydrogen, carbon 1:2:1 ration

6 carbons 12 hydorgen 6 oxygen

condensation reaction The combination of two or more monosaccharides to create a disaccharide or polysaccharide where a water molecule Is removed in the process monosaccharide + mono/di/poly = di/poly + water (bye product) monosaccharide-glucose polysaccharide-glucagon

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Saturated fatty acid have no double bonds between their carbon atoms · solid at room temp · from animal sources unsaturated fatty acid · one or more double bonds between their carbon atoms · Liquid at room temp · from plant-based foods

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Essential Amino Acid cannot be sythesized by human body and must be obtained by diet Non-Essential: Can be sythesized by human body

Fats: 10-35 % (Saturated less than 10%) Carbohydrates: 45-65% Protein: 20-35%

Carbohydrate = 1760 kj lipids (fnts)= 4000kj protein = 1720 kj

Marathon runner • uses more calories therefore more carbohydrate intake for energy • Need more fat stores so slightly increase in fat intake • tend to thermoregulate more so higher water intake • Greater mineral and vitamin intake for growth and bone stength/blood cell production • Need to recover after activity so slightly higher preotin intake

Metabolism = all blochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions Anabolism -energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones Aerobic catabolism = Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy Anaerobic catabolism: The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler compounds, with the release of energy, In the absence of oxygen

· Glucose converted into glycogen when glucose levels are too high (glycogen is stored glucose) · polysaccharide made out of glucose · The main stores of glycogen in the body are in liver and muscles

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscles

· after eating there is an in Insulin/glucose In the blood Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancrease in response to high levels of blood glucose alerts the pancrease The pancreas secretes the Insulin which lowers elevated blood sugar· Insulin speeds up diffusion of glucose into cells (especially In skeletal muscle cells) · excess glucose is converted into glycogen, removed from the blood stream, and stored in the liver and muscles · stops fet being used as an energy source -> Insulin prevents the body from breaking down lipids and glycogen (inhibits lipolysis and glycogenolysis) ↳ promotes accumulation of fet In the body/insulin Stimulates the body to store triglyceride (fat)In adipose issue

Glycogenolysis -> The breakdown of glycogen back into glucose so it can be released into the blood Lipolysis -> The breakdown of stored lipids into glycerol and fatty acids

Glucagon Fasting: There is an fall in blood glucose levels. Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas to stimulate glycogenolysis (glycogen into glucose). And speeds up the conversion of glucose in the liver Exercise: There is a fall in blood glucose levels. Glucagon is a hormone released by the pancreas to stimulate glycogenolysis. Glucose is used to release energy as a paart of aerobic respiration. Adrenaline Fasting: There is a fall in blood glucose levels. Adrenaline is released as a part of the symphatetic nervous system response. This speeds up the conversion of glycogen into glucose in the liver. Exercise: There is a fall in blood glucose levels. Adrenaline is released as a part of the symphateic nervous system repsonse. During exercise there is a increase in demand for glucose within skeletal muscles for respiration. This speeds up the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver

When exercising there is an increase in demand for glucose to allow respiration to take place as insulin and muscle contactions stimulate the uptake of glucose for the blood into cells. - Insulin levels decrease which allows an increase in glycogenolysis. This is because when we exercise (stenuous), the primary provide of glucose is from our stored glucose within our liver. Stored glycogen in the muscle is the main source of energy for strenuous, prolonged exercise so this is why glycogenolysis occurs as oppose to insulin allowing diffusion of blood glocuse. However, blood glucose diffusion still occurs, as insulin increases cell permeability to glucose, stimulating the uptake from the blood into skeletal muscles during exercise.

• Ribosomes • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Lysosomes • Golgi Apparatus • Mitochondrion • Nucleus

• Cristae • Inner Matrix • Outer smooth membrane

It is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.

ATP Is only usable form of energy in the body. The energy is from food (eg: carbohydrates)has to be converted into ATP before the potential energy In them can be used. ATP consists of 1 molecule of adenosine and 3 molecules of phosphate ATP I ADP I Hig L ENERGY BOND ↓ ADENOSINE P P P > H2O -> ABENOSINE P P + energy ↳ energy is released from ATP by breaking the bonds that hold the molecules together · Through phosphorylation, ATP can be re-synthesized by adding a phosphate group to the compound ADP

• AP travels through the axon and depolarizes the synaptic end knob • This opens the calcium protein channels and releases calcium into the knob. • Calcium pushes down the synaptic vessels containing AcH. AcH difusses into the snyaptic cleft and binds to the sodium protein channels. This opens the channels and sodium releases into the cleft. • The AP travels into the sarcolemma creating a muscle contraction