Module 6.2
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How many different types of amines can we get? What are they?
3 types. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary
If we have a primary amine, how many hydrogen groups are attached to the nitrogen? Also, how many R groups are attached to the nitrogen?
2 hydrogens 1 R group
If we have a secondary amine, how many hydrogen groups are attached to the nitrogen? Also, how many R groups are attached to the nitrogen?
1 hydrogen 2 R groups
If we have a tertiary amine, how many hydrogen groups are attached to the nitrogen? Also, how many R groups are attached to the nitrogen?
NO hydrogens 3 R groups
Name the following primary amines: CH3NH2 CH3CH2CH2NH2
Methylamine Propylamine
Name the following secondary amines: CH3NHCH3 CH3CH2CH2NHCH3
N,N - Dimethylamine N,N- Methyl propanamine
Name the following tertiary amine: CH3NCH3CH3
Trimethylamine
Define the term base
A proton acceptor
Why can amines be regarded as bases?
Lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom that is able to accept protons.
When amines react with dilute acids, what is formed?
Ammonium salt
What is meant by aliphatic?
Straight chained compounds
Describe the preparation of aliphatic amines by substitution of haloalkanes
Aliphatic amines can be made by heating a haloalkane with an excess of ethanolic ammonia. Reagents = Haloalkane + Excess ethanolic ammonia Conditions = Sealed in a tube. Products = Aliphatic amine + Ammonia salt
Give a generic reaction equation for the formation of aliphatic amines by substitution of haloalkanes
RX + 2NH3 → RNH2 + NH4X Haloalkane + Ammonia → Aliphatic primary amine + Ammonium halide
In the process of preparing aliphatic amines, why is excess ethanolic ammonia used?
To prevent further substitution
In the process of preparing aliphatic amines, if we use excess haloalkane, what type of product do we get?
A quarternary ammonium salt e.g.
Describe the preparation of aromatic amines by reduction of nitroarenes
Aromatic amines are made by reducing a nitro compound such as nitrobenzene. Nitrobenzene is reduced by heating a nitrocompound with a reducing agent ( mix of conc. HCl and tin (Sn)) After 30 minutes has passed, we add a strong base such as NaOH to the salt produced from reducing nitrobenzene to get our aromatic amine. Reagents = Reducing agent (Mix of tin + conc. HCl) Conditions = 100 degrees celsius under reflux Products = Aromatic amine + 2H2O
Give the generic equation for the preparation of aromatic amines
Nitroarene + 6[H] → Phenyl amine + 2H2O Phenylamine is an aromatic amine
What is the general formula of amino acids?
RCH(NH2)COOH
Why can amino acids be regarded as amphoteric?
They have an acidic group as well as a basic group Acidic = COOH Basic = NH2
When an amino acid reacts with an alkali, what is produced?
A salt + Water Amino acid + Alkali → Salt + Water
When an alkali is added to an alpha amino acid, what happens to the COOH and the NH2 groups?
COOH becomes COO^-M+ where M is the metal from the alkali NH2 remains the same
What is meant by a zwitterion?
An ion with no overall charge because the positive and negative charges in the compound CANCEL each other out.
What is meant by the isoelectric point
The pH at which there is no net electrical charge on the amino acid
Describe the reaction of the carboxylic acid group of amino acids reacting in the formation of esters
The carboxylic acid group of amino acids can react with alcohol, in the presence of a strong acid catalyst (usually conc. sulfuric acid) under reflux to produce an ester and water Reagents = Amino acid + Alcohol Conditions = Reflux Product(s) = Ester + Water