Units 1-4 Study Set
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Scientific method
• Make Observations • Background research/Ask a question • Form a hypothesis • Design an Experiment • Gather/Present Data • Analyze Data/Draw Conclusions
Independent variable
• A variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure • The cause of the experiment • X-axis
Dependent variable
• What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment • The effect of the experiment • Y-axis
Energy
The ability to do work or transfer heat
Joule
The amount of energy used when a 1-watt electrical device is turned on for 1 second
Energy conversions
• energy = power × time • power = energy ÷ time
Electromagnetic radiation
A form of energy emitted by the Sun that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy
Photon
A massless packet of energy that carries electromagnetic radiation at the speed of light
Potential energy
Energy that is stored
Chemical energy
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Kinetic energy
Energy of motion
Temperature
The measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance
1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
When energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded to lower quality energy
Entropy
The amount of disorganization present in a system
Open system
A system in which exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries
Closed system
A system in which matter and energy exchanges do not occur across boundaries
Input
An addition to the system
Output
A loss from the system
Steady state
A state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time
Negative feedback loop
A system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring - Helpful
Positive feedback loop
Change in a system is amplified - Undesirable
Ecosystem
○ Some have well-defined boundaries, while others do not * The biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem provide the boundaries that distinguish one ecosystem from another * Some ecosystems are very small * Each ecosystems interact with each other through the exchange of energy and matter
Biosphere
The region on our planet where life resides