Nomenclature

1) Identify longest carbon chain containing the highest order functional group 2) Number the chain 3) Name the substituents 4) Assign a Number to each Substituent 5) Complete the name

this is parent chain, determines the root of name highest priority fxnal group provides the suffix more substituted chain gains priority as the parent chain

carbon numbered 1 will be that closest to the highest-priority functional group!! ***rings are also numbered starting from point of highest substitution

the higher its priority!

heteroatoms , hydrogen

double bonds have higher priority

the suffix -ane is shifted to -yl ex: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl

t-butyl, neopentyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl

use the prefixes di-,tri-, tetra- before the substituents name

start with substituents in alphabetical order with their carbon numbers coming before the name **PREFIXES LIKE DI, TRI ARE IGNORED **HOWEVER ISO, NEO, CYCLO are included!!! then end with name of backbone chain with the suffix of highest priority functional group ex: 4-ethyl-3,3-dimethyloctane

simple hydrocarbons with the formula: C(n)H(2n+2) prefix: alkyl- suffix: -ane methane, ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane

just add: fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo as prefix before the alkane name ex: fluorohexane

double and single bonded carbon chains respectively prefix: alkenyl and alkynyl respectively end with the suffix: -ene and -yne respectively number for the substituent can be a prefix or in the middle

replace the -e with -ol prefix: hydroxy ethane -> ethanol ex: 5-methyl-2-heptanol carbon attached to the oxygen of alcohol is given the lowest carbon number as that carbon is the most oxidized ***if it is not the highest, priority group, then it is hydroxy- prefix

alkyl group + alcohol ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol ; as opposed to ethanol and 2-propanol

alcohols with two hydroxyl groups ; the alcohol groups must be numbered and the suffix for the main carbon chain will be -diol

Diols with two hydroxyl groups on name carbon not often seen because they spontaneously dehydrate turning into a carbonyl

Diols with two hydroxyl groups on adjacent carbons

contain carbonyl, chain terminating (appear at end of chain) often take precedence, suffix foes from -e to -al butanal

contain carbonyl, appear in the middle of chain -e is replaced with suffix -one Commonly named by listing all the alkyl groups in alphabetical order and then ending with ketone such as: ethylmethylketone

formaldehyde, propionaldehyde, and acetalaldehyde respectively

Acetone (2 carbons)

prefix oxo- is used, sometimes keto- for ketones

A - Carbon adjacent to carbonyl carbon B - Carbon adjacent to A G - Carbon adjacent to B D - Carbon adjacent to G