Unit 1.1

• Cheaper • Large Capacity • Fast read and write speed • Last longer than SSD

-Very fast access speed -Consumes less power compared to hard drives • Durable/portable as it as no moving parts

-Portable -Cheap -More durable than HDD

-Not portable as it has moving parts - Made from weak material meaning its not durable -Works slower than SSD -Produces alot of heat

• SSD has a higher cost per gigabyte • Limited storage capacity compared to HDD • Shorter lifespan due to the NAND chip’s cells wearing down over time from read/write cycles. -Data recovery can be difficult if the drive fails.

• Slower access time • Can be scratched leading to loss of data • Low storage capacity in comparison to SSD and Hardrives

Pipelinig is when multiple instructions overlap eachother in their execution. An example being when one instruction is being fetched, the other is being executed.

• Increases throughput as more instructions can be processed in a given time . -Different stages of the CPU can work on different instructions at the same time -Improves overall performance by reducing the time taken to execute programs due to CPU components rarely sitting idle

• Shared memory • Shared system bus • Single control unit

• Seperate memory for data and instructions • Seperate Buses • Fetch is done at the same time as read and write

Complex hardware circuitry Highly RAM efficient High manufacturing cost Generates significant heat

• A less complex set of circuity • Low Manufacturing Cost • Power efficent • Can pipeline due to all instructions being a fixed length

Random Access Memory: - Stores currently open files/applications - You can modify the content - Volitale

• BIOS/ Boot-Up program • Stores the BootStrap Loader in order to locate the OS on the hard drive and load it into RAM • Performs the POST test by checking if all hardware/periphals are working

Memory Address Register: - Holds the address in memory which is required to be fetched or stored in data

Temporily stores data, constantly moving from memory and processor

Holds the memory address of the next instruction that needs to be fetched. Updates to point the following instruction

Holds the intermediate results of the next instruction from the ALU and MDR

Sends signals to control how data moves around the CPU. Responsible for sending Instructions

The command part of the instruction

The data part of the instrucion

Cache is high speed memory built inside the CPU that temporarily stores used data and instrcutions

When data needs to be fetched, it searches through each level starting from level 1. When data is found= “Cache HIt” When data is not found= “Cache Miss”

Leads to Data latency