chapter two

strong chemical bond where two atoms share electrons with the other

equal sharing between atoms

hydrogen bond

oxygen

unequal sharing between atoms creating a partial positive and partial negative region of the molecule

bond formed from the electoral attraction between two oppositely charged ions

sodium, potassium, calcium, hydrogen, magnesium

chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, sulfate

weak electrostatic traction between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom covalently linked to a second electronegative atom (hold molecules together DNA)

have charged and polar components to the molecule

has charge and dissolves well in water (polar or charged)

does not have a charge, does not dissolve well in water (non-polar)

chains of amino acids, carry out actions of cell

nucleic acids (DNA, RNA), carbohydrates, proteins, fats / lipids

made up of long chains of amino acids linked together through the common portions of the structures with the functional groups hanging off the sides of the chain

linear sequence of the amino acids chain (any chain creates a different primary structure)

protein folds, fold of the primary structure. creates the alpha helix (cork screw) and beta sheet (folds like a sheet)

when different secondary structures interact with one another (forms bonds with one another)

separate protein chains that come together to form a new larger protein

specificity, affinity, competition, saturation, modulation, environment

has very specific shape when it binds to its ligand (like a key in a lock)

how much they like each other / will be drawn to one another, how strongly the molecules will bind together

the ligand & protein come together strongly but will separate very readily

will create bonds and hold it together as it moves around, the more bonds you form the higher the affinity