Redox
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Solubility rules: Nitrates
all nitrates are soluble in water
Solubility rules: Sodium, Potassium (group 1 elements) and ammonium compounds
soluble in water
Solubility rules: Chlorides
most are soluble in water - except lead chloride and silver chloride
Solubility rules: Sulfates
most are soluble in water - except lead sulfate and barium sulphate
Solubility rules: Oxides, hydroxides and carbonates
mostly insoluble - sodium and potassium are soluble. (calcium hydroxide is slightly soluble)
oxidation
loss of electrons
reduction
gain of electrons
oxidising agent
a species that removes electrons from another
reducing agent
a species that gives electrons to another
disproportionation reaction
a species is simultaneously oxidised and reduced
fluorine standard state
yellow gas - toxic
chlorine standard state
green gas - toxic, v reactive
bromine standard state
orange liquid - toxic, v volatile, v reactive
iodine standard state
grey solid - toxic, reactive, turns to purple gas on heating
colour of halide salts
colourless
trend down group of oxidising power of halides
decrease
trend down group of reducing power of halides
increase
oxidising agent
a species which removes electrons from another
reducing agent
a species which gives electrons to another
sulfur standard state
yellow solid
base
something which neutralises an acid to form a salt
alkali
base which dissolves in water
acid + alkali ->
salt + water