Orbitals and hybridisation
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What is an orbital?
Describes the energy and distribution of an electron
What are orbitals often represented by?
A single contour within which there is, say, a 90% chance of finding the electron
What shape does an S orbital have?
Sphere
What shape does a P orbital have? (draw it)
Dumbell
What does degenerate mean in terms of orbitals?
They are equal in energy
What are the three types of P orbitals?
Px, Py, Pz
What are the two ways you can combine two 1s orbitals?
Out of phase overlap In phase overlap
What type of bonding orbital is in out of phase overlap?
Antibonding
What type of bonding orbital is in in phase overlap?
Bonding
Which bonding orbital, bonding or anti bonding, is lower in energy?
Bonding
Which bonding orbital, bonding or anti bonding, are occupied by electrons first?
Bonding
Why does He form and not He2?
It Is more stable as two separate molecules as the 4 electrons would occupy both the bonding and antibonding orbitals, resulting in an overall energy increase
What is hybridisation?
Combining atomic orbitals to make hybrid orbitals
What do you form if you mix two atomic orbitals?
Two molecular orbitals
Using carbon as an example, if you mix the 2s orbital with any or all three 2p orbitals, what do you get?
3 different possible hybridisation schemes (sp, sp2, sp3)
How many hybrid orbitals does sp3 have?
4
How many remaining p orbitals are there in an sp3 molecule?
None
What can sp3 molecules not take part in? Why not?
Conjugation No free p orbital
How many bonds can an sp3 form?
4 sigma bonds
How many hybrid orbitals does sp2 have?
3
How many remaining p orbitals are there in sp2?
1
What bonds can sp2 form?
1 pi bond 3 sigma bonds
How many hybrid orbitals can sp form?
2
How many remaining p orbitals are there in sp?
2