Particles
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What is a fundamental particle?
A particle that cannot be broken down any further
What are the properties of up quarks?
Charge: +2/3 Strangeness: 0
What are the properties of down quarks?
Charge: -1/3 Strangeness: 0
What are the properties of strange quarks?
Charge: -1/3 Strangeness: -1
What are the properties of anti-up quarks?
Charge: -2/3 Strangeness: 0
What are the properties of anti-down quarks?
Charge: +1/3 Strangeness: 0
What are the properties of anti-strange quarks?
Charge: +1/3 Strangeness: +1
What are protons made of?
3 quarks: uud [electron is a fundamental particle]
What are neutrons made of?
udd quarks
What is the definition of specific charge?
The charge per unit mass for a particle
What is the definition of Isotope?
Different versions of the same element; has SAME number of PROTONS but DIFFERENT number of NEUTRONS
What is the strong nuclear force and what are its features?
Keeps nucleus stable Features: -Short range attraction of 3fm -Repulsion range of 0.5 fm [freeform]
What happens in Beta+ emissions?
-Unstable proton turns into a neutron (weak nuclear force causes a change in quark structure) -positron and neutrino are emitted to conserve charge and energy [Beta+ emissions is not natural; they’re manmade]
What happens in Beta- emissions?
-Unstable neutron turns into a proton (weak nuclear force causes a change in quark structure) -electron and anti-neutrino are emitted to conserve charge and energy [they have nearly zero mass and charge]
What happens after alpha decay?
Gamma radiation is produced
What are gauge bosons?
aka exchange particles; they’re particles that mediate forces
What are the gauge bosons?
• gluon - the strong nuclear force • Photon- Mediates EM force • W+,W-,Z^0 - the weak nuclear force • graviton - for gravity • Mesons (Pions and kaons)
What are leptons?
‘The light ones’ , they’re all fundamental and it contains 3 families: -Electron family -Tau family -Muon family
What are the particles in the electron family?
• e- -electron • Ve- neutrino • Ve- - anti neutrino • e+ - positron
What are the particles in the Tau family?
• tauons: (τ-) • anti-tau neutrino: (ν̄ₜ) • anti-tauons: (τ+) - tau neutrino: (νₜ)
What are the particles in the muon family?
• Muon: (μ-) • anti-muon neutrino: (ν̄ₘ) • anti muon: (μ+) • muon neutrino: (νₘ)
What are hadrons?
‘The heavy ones’ and has 2 families: Baryons and Mesons
What are mesons made from?
A quark and an anti-quark
What are the particles in Mesons?
Pions and Kaons