Bonding (All 3)

between metals strong electrostatic attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons

between a metal and non metal strong electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions

Covalent bonds between ATOMS but IMFS between MOLECULES.

shared pair of electrons between 2 non metals

(strongest) covalent > metallic > ionic > IMF’s (weakest)

shared electron pair which have been donated from the same atom

(strongest) lone pair - lone pair > lone pair - bonding pair > bonding pair - bonding pair (weakest)

Ability to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond.

• Unsymmetrical (doesn’t stay the same around central atom) • dipoles do not cancel out POLAR

• symmetrical (stays same all around central atom) • dipoles cancel out NON - POLAR

does the molecule have O-H, N-H, F-H bonds? Yes = Hydrogen bonding. no = check if the molecule is polar? yes= permanent dipole dipole forces between molecules no = van der waals forces between molecules.

occurs between H atom bonded to O/N/F and a lone pair on O/N/F on another molecule. arises if there is - large difference in electronegativity - strong attraction between lone pair of oxygen atoms and partially positive hydrogen atom on another molecule.

occurs between polar molecules arises when: - difference in electronegativity - attraction between the partial positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative chlorine on another atom.

occurs between all molecules arises when: - movement of electrons causes uneven distribution. - which induces a dipole on another molecule - attraction between dipoles of neighbouring molecules.

Linear, 180

Trigonal planar, 120

Tetrahedral, 109.5

Trigonal Bipyramidal, 90, 120

Octahedral, 90

V shaped, 117.5

Trigonal Pyramidal, 107

see saw, 89, 119

Square Pyramidal, 90

V - shaped, 104.5