Ch. 1 - 7 review
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Each skeletal muscle contains _______ tissue, __________ tissue, _______ and ______ ______.
muscle tissue connective tissue nerves blood vessels
Sliding-filament theory - resting phase (calcium? tension?)
No calcium present No tension
Sliding-filament theory - Excitation-contraction coupling phase (calcium? actin/myosin? cross bridges?)
Calcium released Binding of Actin and Myosin Cross Bridges Flex
Sliding-filament theory - contraction phase (myosin?)
Myosin detaches and re-cocks
Sliding-filament theory - Recharge phase (myosin)
Re-activation of myosin head by ATP
Sliding-filament theory - Relaxation phase (calcium)
Calcium pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
Arrival of the action potential at the nerve terminal causes the release of __________.
Acetylcholine
Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is released, and _______ ________ is generated across the ___________, and the ______ contracts.
Once a sufficient amount of acetylcholine is released, and ACTION POTENTIAL is generated across the SARCOLEMMA, and the FIBER contracts.
The extent of control of a muscle depends on the number of _______ _______ within each ______ _____.
The extent of control of a muscle depends on the number of MUSCLE FIBERS within each MOTOR UNIT.
muscles that function with great precision may have as few as ___ muscle fiber(s) per ______ _____.
ONE muscle fiber per motor unit.
muscles that require less precision may have several _________ fibers for one motor unit.
several HUNDRED fibers for one motor unit.
All-Or-None Principle
ALL of the muscle fibers in the motor unit contract and develop force at the same time.
Muscle fiber type I (slow or fast)
Slow-Twitch
Muscle fiber type II (slow or fast)
Fast-Twitch
Motor units are composed of muscle fibers with specific ___________ and ____________ characteristics that determine their functional capacity.
MORPHOLOGICAL and PHYSIOLOGICAL characteristics.
Force output can be varied through change in the ________ of activation of _______ ______ or _________ of activated ________ ______.
Force output can be varied through change in the FREQUENCY of activation of MOTOR UNITS or NUMBER of activated MOTOR UNITS.
How can athletes improve force production? • Recruit _______ ______ or _______ groups during an activity • Increase the ______-________ area of muscles involved • Use __________ during training to develop strength early in the range of motion
recruit LARGE MUSCLES or MUSCLE GROUPS during activity Increase the CROSS-SECTIONAL area of muscles involved in the desire activity Use PRELOADING during training.
____________ are specialized sensory receptors that provide the CNS with information needed to maintain muscle tone and perform complex coordinated movements.
Proprioceptors
• Information concerning kinesthetics sense, or conscious appreciation of the position of body parts with respect to gravity. • Processed at subconscious levels
Proprioception
_______ ______ are proprioceptors that consist of several modified muscle fibers enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue.
Muscle Spindles
______ _______ ______ (_ _ _) are proprioceptors located in tendons near the myotendinous junction.
Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)
(nerve system through the heart) The strands that run along the ventricles.
Purkinje Fibers
__________ transports oxygen and serves as an acid-base buffer.
Hemoglobin
RBCs facilitate ________ _______ removal.
Carbon Dioxide