1 stoichiometric relationships
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homogenous mixture
same composition/density throughout. uniform.
heterogenous mixture
different composition/density throughout. non-uniform
matter can either be
pure or a mixture
a pure substance can either be
an element or compound
a mixture can either be
homogenous or heterogenous
ideally do you want a high or low atom economy
high, meaning less waste
atom economy =
molecular mass of desired products ————————————————————- x 100 sum of molecular masses of all products
what atom economy would you expect from an addition reaction
100%
when is a low atom economy not bad
when you have uses for the waste products or can use them in industry
what atom economy would you expect from a substitution reaction
less than 100%
what atom economy would you expect from an elimination reaction
less than 100%
a high atom economy =
fewer waste materials greener and more economical
percentage yield using moles =
moles of product obtained ——————————————- x 100 theoretical moles of product
percentage yield using mass =
mass of product obtained ——————————————————- x 100 maximum theoretical mass of product
SI for mass
kilograms (kg)
SI for thermodynamic temp
kelvin (K)
SI for luminous intensity
candela (cd)
masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to…
12C
units of molar mass
g/mol
Ar =
1/12 mass of one atom of carbon-12
what is an ideal gas
one that follows the ideal gas equation and all gas laws.
what are real gases
all gases that deviate slightly from gas laws.
what happens to gas particles at a high pressure
they get closer together.
what happens to gas particles at low pressure
they move less rapidly (less KE) and spread out, leading to greater opportunity for intermolecular forces between the particles to have an effect