Chapter 15 - Alcohols
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What is an alcohol
organic molecules with the hydroxyl functional group CnH2n+1OH add the suffix -ol
why are alcohols solulable in water
because they are able to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules since the OH bond is very polar
are longer or shorter alcohols more soluble in water and why
shorter alcohols, because a greater region of the molecule is polar
what is the carbonyl functional group
any molecule that has a C=O bond has the carbonyl functional group they are separated into ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids
what are the features of aldehydes
aldehydes are molecules with the C=O group on the last/first carbon of the chain they dont need a position number and are shown by the suffix -anal they form only from primary alcohols RCHO where R is an alkyl group
what are the features of ketones
they form from the oxidation of secondary alcohols the C=O group is on any carbon in the carbon chain that isnt the first or last ones they have the suffix -one and you need to indicate the position number unless is propanone RCOR’ where R and R’ are alkyl groups
what are features of carboxylic acids
they form from the oxidation of aldehydes RCOOH where R is a methyl group add the suffix -anoic acid, no position number needed
how are alcohols formed
the hydration of alkenes or fermentation using yeast
what reagent is used to oxidise an alcohol
acidified potassium dichromate
what colour change can we expect to see when acidified potassium dichromate is added to a primary alcohol
orange to green
what colour change can we expect to see when acidified potassium dichromate is added to a secondary alcohol
green to orange
what colour change can we expect to see when acidified potassium dichromate is added to a tertiary alcohol
no change (remains orange)
what reagent can be added to an alcohol to test whether it is primary or secondary
tollens reagent
what colour change can we expect to see when tollens reagent is added to a primary alcohol
silver mirror forms
what colour change can we expect to see when tollens reagent is added to a ketone
no change