Atom Test

Electrons have both wave like and particle like properties. Moves like a wave with spread out energy but deposits energy at one point.

Definite trajectory or path on which location and linear momentum are specified at each instant.

Ejection of electrons from metal when metal surface is exposed to UV radiation -radiation needs frequency above threshold (photon radiation intensity does not matter) -KE of ejected electron increases linearly with frequency of radiation

Electrons can only possess discrete units of energy. Difference in energy between two energy levels is quantized.

Electrons fill lower energy orbitals first before higher energy orbitals

No two electrons can have the same set of quantum numbers. Electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins.

Electrons with parallel spin have to fill every orbital before doubling up in order to minimize e- repulsion’s. Electrons must have paired spins.

Tendency of certain atoms to form cations with charges of two units lower than would be expected from the atom’s periodic table number. S-electrons have strong penetration abilities (low in energy) so they remain attached. Inner d shells have poor shielding abilities.

Ends in np6

Ends in nd10

Ends in nd5

Up: counterclockwise Down: clockwise

Shot narrow stream of silver atoms (one unpaired electron) through container with highly non uniform magnetic field. Observed two different spin states for silver atom. (Confirms electron has spin and spin orientation)

Experimental technique used to prove the structure and reactivity of molecules and ions that have unpaired electrons. Detects amount of energy needed to flip electron between its two spin orientations.

Tendency of substance to move into magnetic field. Arises when there is at least one unpaired electron. Electrons are randomly aligned so it is weak.

Occurs when unpaired electrons align after external magnetic field applied. Adjacent unpaired electron spins become aligned into large domains.

Regions of aligned electron spins in a ferromagnetic material that survive after applied magnetic field is removed

Iron, cobalt, fe3o4 magnetite. Electrons spin in same direction and have strong magnetic field

Made by ferromagnetic materials

Neighboring electron spins locked in anti parallel arrangement so magnetic moments cancel.

Suspensions of magnetite in mineral oil. Magnetite form micelles. Oil holds them in place.

Paramagnetic D-block metal cations form aqueous colorful solutions because they absorb visible light that facilitate electronic transitions for unpaired d-block electrons

Examined magnetic character of a sample

Prep: sample hung so it lies partially between two poles of electromagnet. Applied magnetic field turned on Paramagnetic: sample appears to weigh more because it is drawn into field Diamagnetic: sample pushed out of the field. Appears to weigh less