Module 2 The Flow of Genetic Information in the Cell

What are the Three main steps in the flow of genetic information also known as ____

____ The process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its genome before it divides. The _____ in the DNA carries the genetic code

Instructions for making proteins with the correct sequence of ____ are encoded in DNA DNA is found in chromosomes and in eukaryotic cells, chromosomes always remain in the ______ Proteins are made at ____ in the ____ or on the ____.

____ carries the info from DNA in the nucleus during (____) to a ____ in the ____ that the helps assemple the protein during (_____)

When copying DNA to RNA, ____ is added to the mRNA strand for every nucleotide in the DNA When translating to protein, ____ corresponds to ____ in the polypeptide sequence. Ultimately, this means that translation to protein is still systematic and colinear

DNA REPLICATION/SYNTHESIS: Each strand of existing DNA act as a template for ____. Overview of DNA Replication: a) ______ Each base is paired by hydrogen bonding with its specific partner, A - T and G - C b) _____ c) _____ Determines the order of nucleotides along a new, complemetary stransd d) ______ to form the sugar phosphate backbones of the new strand. Each “___” DNA molecule consists of one parental strand

Types of RNA produced in cells: Encodes proteins Acts as an adaptior between ___ and ____ Forms the Ribosome Functions in various nuclear processes (splicing) Facilitates chemical modification of RNAs Regulates gene expression Silences gene expression Also Regulates Gene Expression

____ Contains genetic instructions that allow organisms to grow and function. Includes these nitrogenous bases(4) ____ Executes the insructions and synthesizes proteins. Includes the same nitrogenous base except: _____ because it has ____

DNA Helix: Location: Sugar: Main type(s):

RNA Helix: Location: Sugar: Main type(s):

KEY CONCEPTS: _____ catalyze changes in supercoiled state of DNA DNA replication has three distinct phases (___, ____, and ____) the last one is different at ____ of eukaryotic chromosomes DNA replication is very accurate since it allows _____ mistakes/base

3 Proposed Models of Replication: Our DNA actually is ______ which means that each strand of the double helix parent DNA serve as a template to male two new daughter strands

Experiment used to confirm which model is the right one ____ Bacteria cultured in medium containing ____ (___) Bacteria transferred to medium containing ____(___) Centrifuge DNA sample after ____ min

_____ Complementary strand runs in opposite direction Bonding in DNA is through: ____ for bases ____ for backbone

_____ replicates its DNA at a rate of 1000 nucleotides per second with less than one error in a billion nucleotides ____ replication proceeds at a rate ranging from 500 to 5000 nucleotides per minute at each replication fork (100 per nucleotides per second)

Three general features of chromosomal replication (3)

Replication begins at an ____ then the double helix unwings in opposite directions, replicating DNA both ways away from two replication forks DNA synthesis is initiated at special regions called ____

Summary of DNA Replication 1 _____ unwind the parental double helix 2 _____ stabilize the unwound parental DNA 3 ____ is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by ____ 4 _____ is synthesized discontinuously. _____ synthesizes a short ____ which is extended by a ____ to form an ____ 5 After the ____ is replaced by DNA, ____ joins the ____ to the growing strand

DNA Replication: Enzymes involved (10) ____(DNApol clamp loader) ____ unwinds ____ stabilizes ____ supercoiling , chromosomal DNA in bacteria. Prevents tangling upstream (____) DNA polymerase I - DNA polymerase II- DNA polymerase III - _____ creates RNA primers _____ binds okazaki fragments “spot welder”

Enzymes do make mistakes at a rate of about 1 per every ____ nucleotides considering 6 billion base pairs in each diploid cell, it would be ____ mistakes every time a cell divides

Modes of Replication: Individual units of replication are called _____ reach contains a ____ TEMPLATE: BREAKAGE: REPLICONS: DIRECTION: PRODUCTS: 1) _____ Common type of replication that occurs in circular DNA (E coli) TEMPLATE: BREAKAGE: REPLICONS: DIRECTION: PRODUCTS: 2)_____ Takes place in some viruses and ecoli F factor TEMPLATE: BREAKAGE: REPLICONS: DIRECTION: PRODUCTS: 3)____ Replication takes place simultaneously from thousands of origins TEMPLATE: BREAKAGE: REPLICONS: DIRECTION: PRODUCTS: