Covalent Bonding
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What is Covalent Bonding?
The electrostatic attraction between protons in two nuclei and a shared pair of electrons
Intermolecular forces require less energy to break than…
Covalent bonds
Properties of Fullerene
Simple molecule - 60 carbon atoms in a ball Low BP/MP - Intermolecular forces are weaker than covalent bonds Soft and Slippery solid - molecules roll over each other Electrical insulator - molecules are neutral
Properties of Diamond
Very Strong covalent bonds - each carbon atom is joined to 4 other carbon atoms High MP/BP - Lots of energy needed to break bonds Hard - Lots of strong bonds Does not conduct electricity - electrons are stuck
Uses of Diamond
Cutting
Properties of Graphite
Giant covalent structure - each carbon atoms is joined to 3 other carbon atoms Hexagonal arrangements of atoms = weak IMFs High MP/BP - lots of energy needed Soft and Slippery - consists of layers that can slide over each other Conducts electricity - one delocalised electron per atom, delocalised electrons move to conduct electricity
Uses of graphite
Pencils Soft lubricant
Properties of Silicon Dioxide
Giant covalent structure High MP/BP - lots of energy needed to break bonds Hard - network of oxygen atoms Doesn’t conduct electricity no delocalised electrons Similar properties to diamond - just less expensive