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What are the four main biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
What is a monomer?
A small, basic unit that can join to form a polymer
What is a polymer?
A large molecule made from repeating monomers
What is a condensation reaction?
Reaction that joins molecules together with the removal of water
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Reaction that breaks bonds in a molecule using water
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Energy storage and structural support
Name the three monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose, fructose
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Alpha has OH below C1; beta has OH above C1
Name two disaccharides
Maltose (glucose+glucose), sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose)
How is a glycosidic bond formed?
Condensation reaction between two monosaccharides, releasing water
What is starch used for?
Energy storage in plants
What are the two forms of starch?
Amylose (unbranched, coiled) and amylopectin (branched)
What is glycogen?
Energy storage in animals; highly branched polymer of alpha glucose
What is cellulose?
Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls; beta glucose chains with hydrogen bonds
What is the function of lipids?
Energy storage, insulation, protection, membrane structure
What are triglycerides made of?
One glycerol and three fatty acids
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated has no double bonds; unsaturated has one or more double bonds
What is a phospholipid?
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group; forms bilayers in membranes
What is the role of proteins?
Structural support, transport, enzymes, hormones, immunity
What are amino acids made of?
Amino group, carboxyl group, R group (side chain)
What is a peptide bond?
Covalent bond formed by condensation between two amino acids
Name the levels of protein structure
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
What is the secondary structure of a protein
Alpha helix or beta pleated sheet held by hydrogen bonds
What is the tertiary structure of a protein
Folding into 3D shape due to hydrogen, ionic, and disulfide bonds