Module 4 - Organic Synthesis Practical Skills
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Describe how a Quickfit apparatus is connected
Grease the joints using some petroleum jelly on the inside of the joints before connecting the pieces together.
In a distillation setup, why is it necessary to have a continuous water flow around the condenser?
So that the water remains cool in order for the mixture to be distilled
Describe a method that can be used to separate immiscible liquids
● Pour the mixture into a separating funnel and some distilled water ● Add the stopper and invert the flask to mix the mixture ● Equalise the pressure by opening the stopper as required ● Continue shaking until there is no ‘whistle’ sound ● To collect the water in the lower layer, open the stopper and place a beaker under the spout ● Use another beaker to collect the desired organic layer ● Shake the liquid with some drying agent
Name two drying agents
Magnesium sulphate Calcium chloride
How to use drying agents
● Add a selected drying agent to the organic product ● If the drying agent forms clumps add some more until they are moving freely ● Use gravity filtration to collect the dry product. ● Filtrate is the product
What does re-distillation mean?
When a liquid is purified by using multiple distillations
How can unsaturated hydrocarbon be tested? What are the observations?
Use bromine water Add few drops of bromine water to the sample and mix well Positive test - bromine water turns colourless
What are the reagents used to test haloalkanes and what are the observations?
Reagents - silver nitrate, ethanol and water Observations - chloro- : white precipitate Bromo- : cream precipitate iodo- : yellow precipitate
What are the 3 reagents that can be used to test carbonyls?
Acidified potassium dichromate Fehling’s solution Tollens’ reagent
What are the observations when acidified potassium dichromate reacts with ketones and aldehydes?
Ketones - no change Aldehyde - turns from orange to green colour
What are the observations when Fehling’s solution is reacted with ketones and aldehydes?
Ketones - no change Aldehyde - dark red precipitate
What are the observations when Tollens’ reagent is reacted with ketones and aldehydes?
Ketones - no silver mirror Aldehydes - silver mirror
What are the reagents that can be used to test carboxylic acid? What are the corresponding observations?
Universal indicator - pH of weak acid Reactive metal - hydrogen effervescence Metal carbonate - carbon dioxide effervescence