Lecture 5

-the division of the nervous system that is located within the scull and spine -composed of brain and spinal chord -one of two divisions

-division of the nervous system that is located outside the scull and spine -composed of all of the nerves outside the brain and spinal chord -one of two divisions -composed of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems

-division of the peripheral that interacts with the external environment -includes afferent nerves which carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, eyes, and ears to the central -includes efferent nerves which carry motor signals from the central to skeletal muscles -one of two divisions of periferal

-division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body’s internal environment -includes afferent nerves which carry motor signals from the central nervous system to internal organs -one of the two divisions of the peripheral -includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

-on the the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system -stimulates, organizes, and mobilizes energy resources in threatening situations -produces a series of changes in the body called the “fight-or-flight-response” -causes blood to be directed away from the digestive system to the arms and legs, pupils dilate, and heart and breathing increase

-one of two divisions of the autonomic -acts to conserve energy -generally keeps the internal functioning of the body running smoothly in a “rest-and-digest’ mode of operation

-anatomical direction that means toward the nose end -anatomical direction in the head that is towards the face end -anatomical direction in the body that is towards the head end

-direction that means towards the tail end -towards the back of the head -towards the rear end

-towards the surface of the back -towards the top of the head

-towards the surface of the chest -towards the bottom of the head

-toward the midline of the body

-away from the midline of the body toward the body’s lateral surfaces

-hindbrain structure that is located at the base of the brain, where the spinal chord arises -consists of numerous nuclei that act as control centers for the autonomic nervous system -the proper functioning of the autonomic depends on the general level of arousal of this hindbrain structure -has control centers that regulate heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, muscle tone, and even reflexes such as vomiting

-a complex network of nuclei that occupies the central core of the brainstem from the posterior boundary of the medulla to the anterior boundary of the midbrain -a brain structure sometimes referred to as an activating system because parts of it seem to play a role in arousal -when damaged, will cause the organism to fall into a coma

-hindbrain structure that is a large bulbous structure located above the medulla -contains nuclei that play a role in sleep and arousal -contain the locus coeruleus - a group of neurons that are the primary source of norepinephrine for the brain -contains the raphpe nuclei - a group of neurons that are the primary source of serotonin for the brain

-hindbrain structure that is located at the back of the brainstem -functions primarily as a component of the brains extensive motor system by integrating, coordinating, and refining actions into fluid movements -damage to this brain structure eliminates the ability to precisely control ones movements and to adapt them to changing conditions

-division of the brain that contains two further divisions: the tectum and the tegmentum -contains structures such as the periaquaductal gray, the substantia nigra, and the ventral tegmental area

-midbrain structure that has a visual-motor function -specifically functions to direct the body’s orientation toward or away from particular visual stimuli

-midbrain structure that is involved in pain sensation and in defensive behaviour -stimulation of opioid receptors in this midbrain structure causes an immediate loss of pain sensation (analgesia) -contains a punishment system, where electrical stimulation appears to have a punishing effect on the organism

-midbrain structure that is a motor area of the brain which is highly interconnected with another motor region: the basal ganglia -contains cells that produce dopamine and whose degradation is associated with parkinsons disease

-midbrain structure that is a vital component of the brains reward circuit and is the site of origin of the mesolimbic pathway -contains dopamine-producing neurons that project to and release dopamine in multiple regions of the brain, such as the limbic system and prefrontal cortex