Summer Work Test

everything is connected with everything else on earth, abiotic and biotic resources organisms use

region in which the organisms and the physical environment form an interacting unit ex.) coral reef

based on whatever decision in made in the world economy, it will directly/indirectly affect the environment in some way

3 different views each of which has different implications for the environment; • ) resources people have • ) how people feel about their lives • ) what people are able to do

cancer, malaria, coronary heart disease, diarrhea, pollution, and emerging diseases

spread of exotic species, higher risk of environmental crises, climate change, and more

to look at the services provided by ecosystems and evaluated the status of each service; supporting services, provisioning services, regulation services, and cultural services

kept growing and placing an ever increasing burden on natural resources and on the environment

in ethics, it acknowledges that all across the world not all cultures share the same ethical commitments and that these differences exist

to work with organizations to develop environmental programs that mesh with their own varied spiritual teachings

• ) Anthropocentrism- human centered ethics, the view that all environmental responsibility is derived from human interests alone • ) Biocentrism- life-centered environmental ethics; all forms of life have an inherent right to exist • ) Ecocentrism- that the environment deserves direct moral consideration and not consideration that is merely derived from human or animal interests

• ) Ecofeminism- the view that there are important theoretical, historical, and empirical connections between how society treats women and how it treats the environment • ) Social ecology- the view that social hierarchies are directly connected to the behaviors that lead to environmental destruction • ) Deep ecology- the generally ecocentric view that a new spiritual sense of oneness with the earth is the essential starting point for a more healthy relationship with the environment, also includes a biocentric egalitarian world view • ) Environmental pragmatism- approach that focuses on policy rather than ethics • ) Environmental aesthetics- the study of how to appreciate beauty in the natural world • ) Animal rights/welfare- asserts that humans have a strong moral obligation to nonhuman animals

• ) Development approach- assumes that the human race is and should be master of nature and that the earth and its resources exist solely for our benefit and pleasure • ) Preservationist approach- rather than seek to convert all of nature over to human uses, preservationists want to see large portions of nature preserved intact • ) Conservationist approach- interested in promoting human well-being but tend to consider a wider range of long-term human goods in their decisions about environmental management

using renewable resources in harmony with ecological systems to produce a rise in real income per person and an improved standard of living for everyone

it can be detrimental for the environment but beneficial for the corporation ex.) greenwashers

Natural Capitalism- the idea that businesses can both expand their profits and take good care of the environment Footprint- measured by one’s lifestyle and how many resources they use

harm to human health or the environment that may result from particular management decisions

economics being an allocation process that determines the purposes to which resources are put

resources are allocated involves the establishment of a price for a good or service, the price thus describes how we value goods and services

based on our perception of their relative scarcity, willing to pay for goods/services that are highly valued, and vice-versa

benefits of nature to households, communities, and economies

environmental cost- damage done to the environment as a resource is exploited (i.e. air pollution) deferred cost- a cost that is not paid immediately when an economic decision is made but must be paid at a later date external environmental cost- expenses, monetary or otherwise, born by someone other than the individuals or groups who use a resource

a formal quantitive method and is used for assessing the costs and benefits of competing uses of a resource or solutions to a problem and deciding which is the most effective

when everybody shares ownership of a resource, and how there then is a strong tendency to overexploit and misuse that resource