Cell Biology KA 4,5,6
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What functions do proteins have
Structural enzymes, hormones, antibodies and receptors
What are enzymes
Biological catalysts that are made by all living cells
Whats an active site of an enzyme
A site of a chemical reaction
Whats a substrate
Is the substance that is acted upon by and enzyme
What does a substrate bind to
An enzyme at its active site forming the enzyme substrate complex
Protein word equation
Substrate—enzyme—>product
Example of degradation reaction
Hydrogen peroxide—catalase—> oxygen + water (HPCOW)
Example of a synthesis reaction
glucose-1-phosphate—phosphorylase—>starch
What is respiration
Is a series of enzyme-controlled reactions carried out by all cells to release the chemical energy stored in glucose
How can the chemical energy stored in ATP be released
By breaking it down
When can ATP be regenerated
During respiration
What cellular activities can the energy transferred by ATP be used for
Muscle cell contraction, cell division, protein synthesis, transmission of nerve impulses
Aerobic respiration word equation
Glucose+Oxygen—>carbon dioxide + water + energy
Fermentation of yeast and plant word equation
Glucose —> carbon dioxide + ethanol + energy
Fermentation of animals word equation
Glucose —> lactate + energy
Why will cells such as muscle, companion, sperm and neurone have a higher number of mitochondria
They require a lot of energy
Whats an Independent variable
The thing you’re changing in the experiment
Whats a dependent variable
The thing you’re measuring in the experiment
Control variable
Things that must be the same so the experiment is fair
Control experiment
Independent variable is removed and something unreliable is added e.g. water to allow a comparison