Reactive Intermediates

Is a positive ion in which a positive charge resides on the carbon atom

Tertiary are most stable, Pi systems adjacent to carbocation also stabilize via resonance

Often occurs during Sn1 & E1 reactions

When a carbocation rearranges into a more stable tertiary carbocation

An ion in which a carbon atom has a -1 charge, often formed by heterolytic cleavage between carbon & a metal

Conjugate bases of hydrocarbons

A neutral species that contains an impaired electron

He really form radicals, each fragment carries one electron from the broken bond

Primary, secondary, tertiary; methyl radical = methyl cation

Their bond dissociation energies (BDE); the lower the BDE, the more stable the radical

• ) initiation • ) chain propagation • ) termination of propagation cycle

The dissociation of he radical precursor molecule and the formation of two free radicals under light or high temperature

The free radical abstract a hydrogen atom from the already; the the alkyl radical reacts with another precursor molecule

Occurs when free radicals combine with one another

Carbon next to a C=C double bond; experiences enhanced free-radical reactivity

Carbon next to a benzene ring; enhanced free radical reactivity

Both planar and sp2 hybridized

Are neutral molecules of general formula R2C: in which a carbon atom has two sigma bonds and two electrons

Compounds that are formed as reactive intermediates in the reaction of alkyl halides with strong bases (nuc aro sub)

Compounds that exist as an equilibrium mixture of ketone and alcohol tautomers. Two forms are called the Keto form and Emil form

Is more stable and predominates in simple ketones and aldehydes

Consists of a carbon atom covalently bonded to a metal, carbon has a partial negative charge while meta has a partial positive charge

Organomagnesium halides

Reaction between magnesium and alkyl halide (RX) in an ether solvent