Module 2 Chapter 6\
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What are properties of a chemical bond
They have a definite direction and length
What do these properties mean
That molecules have a distinct shape
What determines the shape of a molecule
Repulsion between electrons in the outer shell determine its shape. The electron pairs repel so they are as far from each other as possible.
What is the order from least to most repulsive in electron pair repulsion theory
Bonded pair to bonded pair, bonded pair to lone pair, lone pair to lone pair
What are the rules in shape determination
Lone electron pairs repel greater than bonded pairs. Lone and bonded pairs are involved in shape determination.
What is a multiple bond considered as in electron pair repulsion theory
It is considered as a single pair
What are the features of a tetrahedral structure
4 bonded pairs, 0 lone pairs Bond angle - 109.5
What is an example of a tetrahedral structure
Methane
What are the features of a pyramidal structure
3 bonded pairs and one lone pair Bond angle 107 degrees
What is an example of a pyramidal structure
Ammonia
What are the features of a bent structure
2 bonded pairs, 2 lone pairs bent angle = 104.5
What is an example of a bent structure
Water
What are the features of a linear structure
Bond angle - 180*
What is an example of a linear structure
Carbon dioxide
What are the features of an octahedral structure
Bond angle 90*
Example of an octahedral structure
Sulfur hexafluoride
What are the features of a trigonal plantar structure
Bond angle 120* they are all in the same plane
What is an example of a trigonal planear structure
Boron triflouride
What is the shape of carbonate and nitrate ions
They are trigonal planear
What is the shape of a sulfate ion
It’s tetrahedral
How do you represent the different bonds
Solid wedge - coming towards you (out of the page) Dotted wedge - going away from you (into page) normal line - in the plane of the page
What is electronegativity
The ability of an atom to attract the bonding electrons in a covalent bond
What is the scale that is used to measure electronegativity
The Qualitative Pauling scale gives a measure of electronegativity where the higher the number the higher the electronegativity
What is the general rule for electronegativity
It increases across the period and up a group (doesn’t include noble gases)