Lecture 1 - Female Reproductive Disorders
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What is the myometrium?
Outer muscular uterine wall
What is the inner uterine wall called?
Endometrium - provides nourishment
What does the anterior pituitary gland regulate?
Ovarian and menstrual cycle.
Which hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
FSH LH Oestrogen Progesterone
What do FSH and LH hormones regulate?
Follicle maturation and ovulation.
Changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus are regulated by which hormones?
Oestrogen and progesterone - they stimulate the endometrium to thicken and prepare for embryo implantation
What is Menarche?
First menstrual period
What is menopause?
Cessation of menstruation
What is dysmenorrhoea?
Painful menstruation - due to excessive prostaglandin F production causing uterine contractions
The absence of menstruation is called?
Amenorrhoea
What is Menorrhagia?
Abnormally heavy or prolonged menstrual flow.
What effects do the combined contraceptive pill regulate?
• Prevents ovulation • Thickens cervical mucous • Blocks implantation in uterus
What is one effect the mini/morning after pill does not regulate?
Prevention of ovulation
In the action of oral contraceptives what does oestrogen and progesterone inhibit?
Oestrogen inhibits - FSH progesterone inhibits - LH
What are some risk factors associated with polycystic ovary syndrome?
• Obesity • Insulin Resistance • increased androgen levels
2 symptoms must be present for a diagnosis of PCOS, what are they?
• Anovulation/irregular cycles • Increased androgens (testosterone) • enlarged ovaries with multiple cysts
High levels of testosterone staying in the follicles can cause what?
Cysts
What are some clinical features associated with PCOS?
• hormonal imbalance • irregular menses • anovulation leading to infertility • Hirsutism dark facial hair • Acne from excess oestrogen • Obesity • Increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
What are treatment options for women with PCOS?
• staying within healthy BMI weight range • oral contraceptives • fertility assistance • ovarian surgery • anti diabetic drugs
What is HPV?
Human papillomavirus
Squamous cell carcinoma is another name for?
Cervical cancer
What are the risk factors associated with cervical cancer?
• genital hpv infections • multiple sexual partners • young age beginning intercourse • male partner with multiple sexual partners
Does having HPV mean you will have cervical cancer?
No - It is a risk factor however 90% of cases self resolve.
Cancer is a malignant tumor showing the following characteristics:
• Growth & invasion • Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) • Metastasis • May be preceded by dysplasia (not always)