Organization
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What are tissues?
A group of cells working together to perform a function
What are organs?
A group of different tissues arranged to perform a function
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working together to perform a function
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst without being altered or used up
How do enzymes work?
They have a specific active site which only their specific substrate can fit into
How does temperature/ pH denature an enzyme?
Bonds holding the enzyme together break, altering the active site, so the substrate can’t fit
What does amylase break down?
Starch into maltose
Where is amylase produced? (3)
• Salivary glands • Pancreas • Small intestine
What do proteases break down?
Proteins into amino acids
Where is protease produced? (2)
• Pancreas • Small intestine
What does lipase break down?
Lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Where is lipase produced (2)
• Small intestine • Pancreas
Where is bile produced & stored?
Produced = liver Stored = gallbladder
2 uses of bile?
• Neutralizes stomach acid • Emulsifies fats to increase surface area
2 ways the stomach breaks down food?
• muscle contractions • Releases the protease pepsin
2 uses of stomach acid?
• Kill bacteria • Give the right pH for pepsin to work
What happens in the small intestine?
Digested food is absorbed from the digestive system into the blood
What happens in the large intestine?
Excess water is absorbed from food
Explain gas exchange.
• Blood in capillaries next to the alveoli contain lots of carbon dioxide and little oxygen • Oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus into the blood, vice versa for carbon dioxide to be breathed out • Red blood cells carry the oxygen to cells in the body where oxygen diffuses into them • Simultaneously, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells, into the blood to be taken back to the lungs
What is a double circulatory system?
One red blood cells makes 2 trips through the heart for every one cycle
explain the circulatory system
1.The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygen 2. Oxygenated blood returns to the heart 3. The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to all other organs in the body 4. Once deposited, deoxygenated blood returns to the heart
What do valves do?
Prevent backflow of blood
How does blood move around the heart?
• Blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava • Blood flows into the left atrium through the pulmonary vein • Atria contract pushing blood into the ventricles • Right ventricle pushes blood out through the pulmonary artery • Left ventricle pushes blood out through the aorta
What is a pacemaker?
A group of cells which produce electrical impulses which spread to surrounding muscles, making them contract