Immunity (11)
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What is an antigen?
-Cell marker. -Are proteins that are found on the surface of cells/pathogens. -Antigens are unique to that specific pathogen. -When an antigen enters the body, the immune system will produce antibodies against it.
What is the first line of defense?
-Non-specific defence (innate immunity) -Skin, mucous membranes, prevents entry of pathogen.
What is the second line of defence (primary response)?
-Non-specific defences (innate immunity) -Phagocytic leukocytes, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, fever. -Destroys germs and prevents spread.
What is the second line of defence (secondary response)?
-Specific defences (Adaptive immunity) -Lymphocytes, Antibodies, memory cells. Phagocytes. -Activates the immune system if pathogens spread. Immune system actively responds by: Destroying invading pathogens Holding memory of the pathogens that were killed.
What are the 2 groups of white blood cells used?
Lymphocytes (B and T) and phagocytes.
What are B-lymphocytes?
-Recognize antigen on pathogen and make antibodies. -Cells burst, label pathogens, clump together and neutralize toxins. -Some remain as memory cells in lymph glands. -Natural Immunity.
What are T-lymphocytes?
-CD4 cell (initiate immune response) -Killer-T cells (destroys body cells) -Suppressor T-cells (stops the immune response)
What are phagocytes?
-Can change shape and engulf pathogens. -Phagocytosis -Can squeeze through gaps in capillary walls.
How does the immune system work?
-CD4 cells initiate immune response -B lymphocytes -Recognise foreign antigen -And produce antibodies for the particular antigen -For the phagocytes to engulf / By phagocytosis -But some B lymphocytes remain as memory cells -So your body can respond faster the next time -Killer T cells destroy infected cells -The suppressor cells end the immune response Chris Brown Raps Alot Plus Makes Record Killing Singles
What are vaccinations AKA immunisation?
-Giving a vaccine by injection or orally in order to make the person immune to the disease. -A vaccine consists of a dead or weakened form of the pathogen that will stimulate antibodies to be produced. -Pathogens are weak so they will not cause disease. -The antibodies remain in the blood, providing long-term protection against the pathogen.
What is naturally acquired active immunity?
Own bodies make antibodies and keeps memory cells.
What is artificially acquired active immunity?
Antigen introduced into the body to stimulate antibody production via vaccination.
What is naturally acquired passive immunity?
During pregnancy/ via colostrum.
What is artificially acquired passive immunity?
Inject antibodies into another body (was not made there) e.g. anti-tetanus injection.
What are antibiotics?
-These are drugs that fight infection caused by bacteria- destroy them directly. -Alexander Fleming invented penicillin. -Antibiotics affect bacteria by preventing proper cell wall formation, the bacteria will burst. Damaging cell membrane, cell content will leak out. Stops protein synthesis, metabolic reactions can’t take place. -Some bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics, superbugs.
What is biotechnology?
The use of micro-organisms to make substances humans want. E.g. antibiotics, insulin, wine, bread, cheese, maas.