PE Boost (Test 1)

• axis that everything is attached to (body) • skull, vertebrae, sternum, ribs, sacrum, coccyx • be able to fill out on diagram

• limbs • clavicle, scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, carpal and tarsal bones, femur, patella, fibula, tibia • be able to fill out on diagram

• hollow centre which spinal cord travels through • top to bottom vertebrae increases in size • cervical (7) • thoracic (12) • lumbar (5) • sacrum (5) -fused • coccyx (4) - fused

where two or more bones meet to allow movement

• fixed, immoveable • characterised by synovial fluid • e.g cranium and sacrum

• cartilage joins, slightly moveable • e.g ribs and vertebrae

• freely moveable • e.g knee, arms, hip

results from the contraction or relaxation of the muscles that are attached to the bones on either side.

smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints

fluid filled sac that works as a cushion to reduce friction between tissue

provides a cushion between bones and tendons and/or muscle around a joint

connects bone to bone

hip - weight bearing joint, less prone to popping out, more protected, sits deeper in the socket and is surrounded by stronger muscles shoulder - more prone to popping out, socket is shallower, and is a smaller ball

• excessive movement of a joint in one direction • the joint has been forced to move beyond its normal range of motion.

• flexion and extension • e.g elbow

• pronation , supination, rotation • radius, humerus

• allows movement in all axis • flexion and extension -rotation and circumduction • abduction and adduction • e.g hip and shoulder

• flexion and extension • abduction and adduction • circumduction • e.g wrist

• limited rotation • flexion and extension • abduction and adduction • e.g thumb

gliding and rotating disks - e.g clavicle and scapula

• allows sideways, back and forward • tarsels and vertebrae

• protection of vital organs • provided framework • allow for movement • red blood cells produced in long bones • storage of vitamins and minerals

long - femur, humerus short - tarsles and carpels flat bone - cranium, scapula irregular bone - vertebrae sesamoid bones - patella

uni-axil - hinge, pivot bi-axil - condyloid, gliding, saddle tri-axil- ball and socket