New Genetic Variation (W2-L2)

occur in singular parts of the genome that code for a protein (ex. silent, missense, non-sense, readthrough)

(synonymous) have no impact on the protein sequence

(Non-synonmous) mutation in DNA sequence that actually causes a change in amino acid sequence of the eventual protein

mutation in DNA sequence that converts an amino acid to a stop codon

converting the stop codon in wild type sequence to an amino acid sequence

mutations intrachanging amongst purines (ex. A for T) or Pyrimidines (C for G) more common, less likely to be misense mutations

Mutations interchanging purines with pyrimidines or vise versa

causes an addition or deletion of nucleotide (s) causing a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA Potentially alters the amino acid sequence at protein translation

Mutation when the section of chromosome is moved to another chromosome

Section of gene is duplicated on the chromosome

Chromosomal material is maintained, but the orientation in the genome on the chromosome is flipped ex. butterfly mimicking morphology

an imprecise historical method to observe mutations Identify genes that produce the a phenotypic effect, observe the population for change in the phenotype and if it occurs there has been a mutation crude method

Method to observe/calculate mutation Cultivate large populations for multiple generations with minimal selection and observe mutations over time ex. fruit flies

Movement of alleles between populations interpreted by gene flow mechanisms: dispersal of animals

`the movements of alleles between one population from the population by movement of individuals or gametes

migrate and mix with areas adjacent