Earth Science Mock Exam
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The process in which the parts of the rocks break down and dissolve into the Earth’s surface.
Weathering
What is this process called if the eroded sediments are transported from one place to another?
Erosion
What and whose principle states; “The youngest rock must be on top, and the oldest one should be on the bottom.”?
Nicholas Steno’s Principle of Superposition
Give the five (5) factors included in the process of Erosion
Wind, Water, Glaciers, and Gravity
What are the six (6) types of weathering?
Physical/Mechanical Weathering, Wind and Water Abrasion, Frost & Salt Abrasion, Unloading and Exfoliation, Chemical Weathering, and Biological Weathering.
What is Relative Dating
Used by geologists that involves comparing two materials to determine relative order.
How about Absolute Dating? What is the other term for this?
A.K.A Numerical dating, Absolute dating is the process in which geologists determine the numerical age of each material being assessed.
Give me the methods used in relative dating.
Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy, Cross-dating
Explain stratigraphy.
Assumes that the top most layer is the youngest and the lowest layer is the oldest. One of the most used techniques.
Biostratigraphy?
Almost the same with Steno’s principle of superposition or stratigraphy but mainly focuses on the biological remains. This technique involves using faunal deposits to establishing strategies in dating.
Cross-dating
The technique that follows Steno’s Principle of Superposition of cross cutting in which it states that the fault cut must be younger than the rock it cut thru.
Deposition
The process in which eroded sediments settle in a new place.
Compaction
The Process in which sediments are compressed overtime to reduce the space between them.
Explain Physical/Mechanical weathering
The type of weathering that involves having the rock’s physical structure broken down into smaller particles.
Explain Wind and Water Abrasion
The process in which the particles in the wind and water collide with the rock’s surface causing the scraping of the particles.
Frost and Salt Wedging
The process in which water seeps into the rock, making way for salt and or frost to create gaps within.
Unloading and Exfoliation
The process of peeling away some of the rocks surface because of released pressure.
Chemical Weathering
Involves breaking down the rock into its molecular chemical components.
Biological Weathering
The breaking down of the rock caused by the action of living organisms.
Unconformity
These are gaps in the geological record that shows missing rocks due to erosion, non-decomposition, and deformation
angular unconformity
Occurs when horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted or folded layers, and then eroded before the deposition of younger strata.
disconformity
Occurs when there is a break in the sedimentary rock sequence where parallel layers of sedimentary rock are separated by erosion, but the layers above and below the unconformity are parallel to each other.
Nonconformity
Occurs when sedimentary rock rests on top of igneous or metamorphic rock, indicating a period of uplift and erosion before the deposition of the sedimentary layers.
Geologic Time
Geologic time, is the extensive interval of time occupied by the geologic history of Earth. Formal geologic time begins at the start of the Archean Eon (4.0 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) and continues to the present day