Basic tools and techniques
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What are the 4 main developmental processes?
• Pattern formation • Morphogenesis • Cell differentiation • Growth
What is the phylotopic stage?
A stage in development where vertebrate embryos look very similiar Where the head, neural tube, somites and notochord have all formed.
Difference between the funnel and hourglass model?
The funnel model states that the germ band period is at the beginning of embryogenesis. Whereas the hourglass model states that the germ band period occurs near the middle of development
What are 5 techniques to see when and where a gene is expressed
In-situ hybridisation Northern blot DNA microarray RT-PCR Reporter genes
What are 3 ways of labelling a probe,? And how do you detect them?
Radioactively- detect using autoradiography Fluorescent tag- observed using fluorescence microscopy Enzyme tag- observed by the enzymes conversion of a colourless substrate into a coloured product
What are 2 ways of detecting proteins?
Western blot Immunohistochemistry
What is the difference between morpholino antisense RNAs and RNA interference?
RNAi- rna molecules inhibit the translation of mRNA e.g RISC complex- siRNA guide the RISC complex to the target mRNA-> degraded by RISC nuclease MO- complementary RNA strands bind and hybridise to target mRNA- prevent its translation
What is forward genetics?
When you try to identify a gene whose mutation caused a particular phenotype
What is reverse genetics?
When you try to seek the phenotype of a particular mutated gene
What is transplanted into the chick-quail chimera?
The quails neural tube and neural crest cells are transplanted and stained The migration of the NCCs can be visualised