nitrogen compounds, polymers and synthesis
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why are amines bases
they accept protons - the lone pair on nitrogen forms a dative covelewnt bond to an H+ ion from an acid.
what is the reagent needed to react a haloalkane with, to form an amine.
excess ammonia in ethanol
how can an aromatic amine be made, what kind of reaction is this, what reagent is needed. what small product is made
aromatic amine can be made by the reduction of nitrobenzene reduction reactions Sn/conc. HCl H2O
what does an acyl chloride need to react with to make an amide, what small product is formed
needs to react with ammonia HCl
what is the general structure of an amino acid
contain an amine group, and a carboxylic acid group.
what is a property of an amino acid
can behave as either acids or bases bases - lone pair on nitrogen can accept H+ ions carboxylic acids - can donate H+ ions.
what are optical isomers
non super imposable mirror images
what is a chiral centre
carbon with 4 different groups attached.
what is a stereoisomer
same structural formula different arrangement in space
how is a polyester usually made
reacting a dicarboxylic acid with a diol - makes H2O. sometimes a diacyl chloride can be used instead of carboxylic acid making HCl
how is a polyamide made - 2 ways
reacting a dicarboxylic acid with a diamine. makes H2O reacting a diacyl dichloride and an amine. Makes HCl
why are condensation polymers more environmentally friendly
they are biodegradable as can be broken by hydrolysis or are photodegradable
what reagent is needed to make a nitrile from a haloalkane, what type of mechanism is this, what small product is made
NaCN or KCN in ethanol nucleophillic substitution chlorine ion
how can a hydroxynitrile be made, What type of mechanism is this
carbonyl (aldehyde or ketone) and NaCN/H+ nucleophilic addition
what reagent is needed to reduce a nitrile to an amine
H2 and Ni catalyst
what reagent is needed to hydrolyse nitriles to carboxylic acids what product is made
heating with dilute HCl/H2O NH4Cl
outline how u would purify an organic liquid
• collect by distillation • transfer to a separating funnel • wash with saturated sodium chloride solution -discard aqueous layer • collect organic layer (usually upper layer if less dense than water) -add a drying agent eg. anhydrous MgSO4 • redistill and collect the fraction that boils at __
outline how u would purify an organic solid
dissolve in the minimum amount of hot solvent cool filter under reduced pressure wash with ice-cold solvent dry eg. place in oven
how could the melting point of an organic solid be used to assess its purity
solid is pure if: melting point is close to known values narrow melting point range
what is the name of the funnel used to filter under reduced pressure
Buchner flask