Exam 1
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What is a nutrient?
A nourishment substance that is required for growth and life.
Name the 6 ingested nutrients,
Water, Vitamins, Minerals, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids (Fats)
Describe the structure and function of Carbohydrates.
Formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen molecules. (CH2O). Function is to provide energy and in plants, to give structure
Describe the structure and function of Proteins.
Formed by amino acids, peptide bonds, and an R group. Function is to organize and regular muscle growth.
Describe the function of water.
Helps in the digestion of food
Which nutrients can be used for energy?
Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins
Water is a solvent. Describe how this properly affects digestion and absorption.
Solvents can breakdown substances. Water helps break down Nitrogenous compounds.
How do marine mammals get their water?
Through the digestion of fish
Factors that can affect water intake
Diet, water availability, quality of water, temperature of water, water ambience
Define essential in nutrition
A substance that must be obtained through diet because the body cannot make it
Define osmosis.
The transport of water from a high concentration to a low concentration
Define water toxicity.
When too much water is absorbed by cells and leads to burst
Define Mesentery
Connective tissue that holds together the digestive tract
Where does fermentation take place in monogastric? In hind-gut fermenters? In ruminants?
For monogastrics, the large intestine. For hind-gut fermenters, the large intestine. For ruminants, the forestomach, specifically the rumen and reticulum
Define Prehension
The seizing or grasping of food
Define Deglutition
The swallowing of food
Define Peristalsis
The contraction of muscles used to swallow food
Define Digestion
The chemical breakdown of food
Define Fermentation
The enzymatic decomposition by microbes
Compare and Contrast the teeth of a carnivore, an omnivore, and a ruminant herbivore.
All have canines, incisors, premolars, and molars. Carnivores have large canines and incisors while they are almost nonexistent for herbivores. The opposite is true for the molars.
How does saliva aid digestion in ruminants and in monogastrics?
In ruminants, saliva is produced more to bring up PH levels. In both, saliva is used to aid in swallowing.
Function of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and mucus.
HCl- denatures proteins (breaks hydrogen bonds) Pepsin- digests protein Mucus- protects the lining of the stomach from acid
3 Sections of the Small Intestine
1) Duodenum- secretes ‘“lytics” (enzymes that break down) 2) Jejunum- absorption 3) Ileum- absorption
Name the 4 Accessory Organs of the digestive tract and describe the role in digestion
Salivary Glands- helps digest and moisten food Liver- forms bile salt, which is secreted to the gallbladder Gallbladder- uses bile salt to form micelles, which are secreted to form fatty acids Pancreas- secretes enzymes into the duodenum